Gateway Fabric Ports

ABSTRACT

A gateway for interfacing a host with a subsystem for acting as a work accelerator to the host. The gateway enables the transfer of batches of data to the subsystem at precompiled data exchange synchronisation points. The gateway acts to route data between accelerators which are connected in a scaled system of multiple gateways and accelerators using a global address space set up at compile time of an application to run on the computer system.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 16/235,256, filed Dec. 28, 2018, which claims the prioritybenefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of United Kingdom Patent Application No.1811013.0, filed Jul. 4, 2018, the entire contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a gateway for use in a computer systemto interface a host with a subsystem for acting as a work accelerator.

BACKGROUND

In the context of processing data for complex or high volumeapplications, a work accelerator may be a subsystem to which processingof certain data is offloaded from a host system. Such a work acceleratormay have a specialised hardware for performing specific types ofprocessing.

As an example, one area of computing in which such a specialisedaccelerator subsystem may be of use is found in machine intelligence. Aswill be familiar to those skilled in the art of machine intelligence, amachine intelligence algorithm is based around performing iterativeupdates to a “knowledge model”, which can be represented by a graph ofmultiple interconnected nodes. The implementation of each node involvesthe processing of data, and the interconnections of the graph correspondto data to be exchanged between the nodes. Typically, at least some ofthe processing of each node can be carried out independently of some orall others of the nodes in the graph, and therefore large graphs exposegreat opportunities for parallel processing. Therefore, a workaccelerator specialised for machine intelligence applications maycomprise a large degree of parallel processing. One form of parallelismcan be achieved by means of a processor comprising an arrangement ofmultiple tiles on the same chip (i.e. same die), each tile comprisingits own separate respective processing unit and memory (includingprogram memory and data memory). Thus separate portions of program codecan be run in parallel on different ones of the tiles. The tiles areconnected together via an on-chip interconnect which enables data to beexchanged between them. Such an accelerator may function as a subsystemfor a host system to perform parallel processing of data sets providedto it.

In general, there may exist dependencies between the portions of aprogram running on different tiles. A technique is, therefore requiredto prevent a piece of code on one tile running ahead of data upon whichit is dependent being made available by another piece of code on anothertile. There are a number of possible schemes for achieving this, one ofwhich is described here by way of example, ‘BSP’, bulk synchronousparallel. According to BSP, each tile performs a compute phase and anexchange phase in an alternating cycle. During the compute phase eachtile performs one or more computation tasks locally on tile, but doesnot communicate any results of its computations with any others of thetiles. In the exchange phase each tile is allowed to exchange one ormore results of the computations from the preceding compute phase toand/or from one or more others of the tiles in the group, but does notyet proceed to the next compute phase. Further, according to the BSPprinciple, a barrier synchronization is placed at the juncturetransitioning from the compute phase into the exchange phase, ortransitioning from the exchange phase into the compute phase, or both.That is to say, either: (a) all tiles are required to complete theirrespective compute phases before any in the group is allowed to proceedto the next exchange phase, or (b) all tiles in the group are requiredto complete their respective exchange phases before any tile in thegroup is allowed to proceed to the next compute phase, or (c) both. Insome scenarios a tile performing computation may be allowed tocommunicate with other system resources such as a network card orstorage disk, as long as no communication with other tiles in the groupis involved.

During an exchange phase, data exchange may not only take placeinternally (i.e. between tiles) within an accelerator, but in somecircumstances may be required to take place between an accelerator andexternal storage, e.g. a host system. When a subsystem acts as a workaccelerator, it is configured to process data sets provided to it (e.g.from a host system). The data sets should advantageously be retrievedsuch that they can be provided to the accelerator at the appropriateprecompiled data exchange synchronisation point, which may represent abarrier synchronisation.

There is increasingly a requirement to enable accelerators to beconnected in highly scalable systems. However, this should be donewithout excessive latencies for exchanging data, and mindful of theconstraint when handling machine learning applications that there is nota high degree of determinism as to when data will be available, or whatthat data may be, for each piece of ‘ work’. In this context, work maybe considered the processing of data, buy each accelerator, in eachcompute phase of the BSP system. When scaling subsystems by connectingthem together—directly or indirectly—a problem may occur, which is howto ensure that the data is available for delivery to the acceleratorwhen it is needed at the precompiled data exchange synchronisationpoint. This data may be retrieved from external storage—which mayinclude different types of storage, e.g. host storage, or network accessstorage—prior to delivery to the accelerator at the precompiled dataexchange synchronisation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention uses the concept of a gateway which can be used toprovide data to the accelerators from external storage and thusinterconnect them to scale a subsystem acting as a work accelerator. Theexternal storage could be host storage, network access storage, storageat another gateway or storage at another accelerator. In some forms ofthe gateway, the gateway itself is an active processor of data andautonomously manages its data flows. The gateway acts as an intermediarybetween one or more accelerators operating in a BSP model and anexternal asynchronous environment. The gateway has a local memory fortemporarily storing data for delivery to the accelerator from theexternal environment. This raises one challenge of how to ensure thatthe gateway has the appropriate data available in local memory fordelivery to the accelerator at the precompiled data exchangesynchronisation point.

According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a computersystem comprising:

-   -   a first accelerator for processing batches of data and        generating result data;    -   a gateway having an accelerator interface connected to the first        accelerator and a gateway interface for connection to a second        gateway for conveying data for processing by a second        accelerator, wherein the first accelerator, the gateway and the        second accelerator form a synchronisation zone in which a        synchronisation barrier acts between a compute phase and an        exchange phase in the synchronization zone,        wherein the accelerator interface is configured to receive        messages from the first accelerator, each message comprising a        batch of result data and a destination address indicating a        storage location to receive the batch of result data, the        accelerator interface further configured to check the        destination address and to route the message to the gateway        interface when the destination address indicates the storage        location on the second accelerator.

In a BSP (or other sychnronisation system) the messages may be receivedin the exchange phase of the synchronization.

The computer system may comprise a second gateway connected to thegateway interface, the second accelerator connected to a secondaccelerator interface of the second gateway.

The gateway interface may comprise at least one fabric port having anaddress range which corresponds to addresses of storage locations on thesecond gateway and the second accelerator. A global address space‘owned’ by a compiler at compile time of code to be executed by thegateways and accelerators is thus created, and can be extended asfurther gateways and accelerators are added.

The computer system may further comprise a third gateway connected to asecond gateway interface of the second gateway, the third gateway beingconnected to a third accelerator through a third accelerator interfaceof the third gateway.

The first and second accelerators, and the first, second and thirdgateways may form part of the synchronisation zone.

The gateway interface may comprises multiple fabric port, each port forconnection to a respective one of multiple gateways.

The gateway may be configured to augment or manipulate the result dataprior to routing a message containing the manipulated or augmentedresult data to the destination address.

The gateway may be configured to manipulate or augment the data in theexchange phase of the synchronization.

The destination address may indicate a single storage location.

The destination address may be an implied broadcast address, and theaccelerator interface may be configured to route the message to thegateway interface for transmission to the second accelerator and anyfurther accelerators in the computer system.

The message may indicate multiple destination addresses, wherein thesame batch of result data is routed to each of multiple differentdestination address in the computer system. Alternatively, the messagemay contain an indicator which is read at the accelerator interface orfabric port and mapped onto multiple or broadcast addresses using amapping table, which is generated at compile time.

According to a second aspect, there is provided a method of operating agateway to route data between accelerators and gateways in a scaledgateway fabric of a computer system. Thus, the invention may provide amethod of exchanging data between first and second accelerators in acomputer system, each accelerator configured to process batches of dataand to generate result data, wherein the first accelerator is connectedto a gateway via an accelerator interface of the gateway, wherein thegateway has a gateway interface for connection to a second gateway forconveying data for processing by the second accelerator, wherein thefirst accelerator, the gateway and the second accelerator form asynchronisation zone in which a synchronisation barrier acts between acompute phase and an exchange phase in the synchronisation zone, themethod comprising:

-   -   receiving messages from the first accelerator at the accelerator        interface, each message comprising a batch of result data and a        destination address indicating a storage location to receive the        batch of result data;    -   the accelerator interface checking the destination address and        routing the message to the gateway interface when the        destination address indicates the storage location on the second        accelerator.

A third aspect provides a computer program recorded on non transitory ortransitory medium which is compiled with a global address space for datastorage at multiple accelerators cooperating on a single application andconnected via gateways. Thus, the third aspect may provide a computerprogram stored on transitory or non-transitory media which comprises aset of computer readable instructions which when executed cause agateway to implement the method as designed above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the present invention and to show how thesame may be carried into effect, reference will now be made by way ofexample to the accompanying Figures in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a processor chip comprisingmultiple tiles;

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a bulk synchronous parallel (BSP)computing model;

FIG. 3 is another schematic illustration of a BSP model;

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of the exchange of synchronisationrequests/acknowledgments between an accelerator and a gateway;

FIG. 5 is another schematic illustration of a system of multipleprocessor chips;

FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a program flow involvingsynchronisation with host;

FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a system including an accelerator,gateway, and host;

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of the different data paths through agateway;

FIG. 9 schematically illustrates the aggregation of accelerators, andhosts using the gateways;

FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of the data flow through a gateway;

FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of a system including anaccelerator, gateway, and host;

FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of a machine including a pluralityof accelerators and gateways;

FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of a pod including a plurality ofmachines;

FIG. 14 illustrates an example method of deploying and computing data;and

FIG. 15 is a schematic illustration of the exchange of sync requests andacknowledgments between three gateways.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the application relate to a gateway for interfacing ahost with a subsystem for acting as a work accelerator to the host. Thesubsystem may be referred to as the “accelerator” throughout thedescription. The gateway enables the transfer of batches of data to theaccelerator at precompiled data exchange synchronisation points obtainedby a synchronisation zone comprising at least the gateway and thesubsystem, which act as a barrier between a compute phase and anexchange phase of the synchronisation.

To enable low latency, high throughput exchange of data between multipleaccelerators in a scaled system, each gateway enables messages to berouted anywhere within a global address space within the computersystem. Each accelerator is capable of processing batches of data andgenerating result data. A message can be compiled comprising a batch ofresult data and a destination address indicating the storage location toreceive the batch of result data. As described more fully in thefollowing, an accelerator interface at the gateway checks thedestination address and is capable of routing the message according tothe destination address in the global address space. The message may berouted to a gateway interface of the gateway when the destinationaddress indicates the storage location is on a second accelerator whichis connected to a second gateway attached to the gateway interface.Alternatively, the message may be routed to a second gateway interfacewhich is attached to a third gateway when the destination addressindicates the storage location is on the third accelerator attached tothe third gateway. Other possible destinations for messages may be inmemories attached to the respective gateways themselves.

Before describing the message routing functions of the gateways in aglobal address space, a detailed description of other aspects of thegateway is set forth for a full understanding of the gatewaycapabilities.

To ensure that the batches of data are available in the gateway memoryfor transfer to the accelerator at the pre-complied data exchangesynchronisation points, the gateway comprises a streaming engine toexecute instructions in coordination from work descriptors, each workdescriptor defining a set of data streaming operations triggered by thesynchronisation point.

The streaming engine of the gateway has a memory management engineconfigured to execute instructions from the work descriptor to transferdata between external storage and the local memory associated with thegateway over a data connection interface of the gateway. The streamingengine of the gateway also has a data mover engine configured to executeinstructions from the work descriptor to transfer data between the localmemory associated with the gateway and the subsystem over an acceleratorinterface of the gateway. The streaming engine is configured to receivean indication of the synchronisation point from the synchronisation zoneand to trigger execution of instructions from the work descriptor by thememory management engine and the data mover engine to stream datathrough the gateway.

This grouping together of operations in the same work descriptor ensuresthat the data needed by the data mover engine for transferring to theaccelerator has already been made available by the memory managementengine prior to the precompiled data exchange synchronisation point.

The following description explains various embodiments of theapplication in further detail. This application relates to a subsystemfor acting as a work accelerator for a host system and to thecombination of a plurality of such subsystems. The subsystems act asaccelerators to perform predetermined processing steps on data sets(work) allocated by a host which is running a process requiring largeamounts of data to be subject to mainly repetitive processing. Eachsubsystem may be a so called intelligence processing unit (IPU) or anyclass of accelerator (XPU). The techniques described herein can be usedwith the IPUs described in our earlier U.S. application Ser. No.15/885,925, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference,but also can be applied to any accelerator. As will be described in moredetail, several accelerators may be combined to form an acceleratormachine or appliance. Several accelerator appliances may be combined ina chassis. Multiple chassis may be organised in groups, which can bearranged in a rack. The resulting combinations of accelerators can yielda system with a large amount of processing power for performing paralleloperations. This is particularly useful for implementing neural networkprocessing in artificial intelligence applications. The principles laidout here can potentially be used to scale beyond a single rack as well.

The application relates to a novel gateway which has a number ofadvantages in improving the effectiveness of such accelerators. Thegateway(s) allow the disaggregation of the accelerators from the one ormore host systems which provide the data sets for processing by theaccelerators. This has several advantages. Firstly, it allows the numberof accelerators per host to be user configurable and to be increasedbeyond the physical capacity of a host. Secondly, it allows theaccelerator I/O to be decoupled from a host, enabling IO capacity toscale as a function of the number of accelerators. Thirdly thedisaggregation enables multiple hosts to use a set of acceleratorresources which are allocated and grouped on demand to the hosts througha well-defined API that supports lifecycle management of these resourcesand associated hosts.

Each accelerator may be a single chip processor. FIG. 1 shows a singlechip processor 2, i.e. a single die, comprising an array 6 of multipleprocessor tiles 4 and an on-chip interconnect 34 connecting between thetiles 4. The chip 2 may be implemented alone on its own single-chipintegrated circuit package, or as one of multiple dies packaged in thesame IC package. The on-chip interconnect may also be referred to hereinas the “exchange fabric” 34 as it enables the tiles 4 to exchange datawith one another. Each tile 4 is a processing unit capable of executinginstructions (code) from a local instruction memory and handling data inlocal data memory. A tile 4 may comprise a respective instance of abarrel-threaded processing unit 10 and a memory 11. For instance, by wayof illustration the chip 2 may comprise of the order of hundreds oftiles 4, or even over a thousand. For completeness, note also that an“array” as referred to herein does not necessarily imply any particularnumber of dimensions or physical layout of the tiles 4.

Each chip 2 also comprises one or more external links 8, enabling thechip 2 to be connected to one or more other, external processors ondifferent chips (e.g. one or more other instances of the same chip 2).These external links 8 may act as chip-to-chip links for connectingtogether with one or more other instances of the chip 2 on the same ICpackage or card, or on different cards. Multiple instances of the chip 2can be connected together into cards by chip-to-chip links (as shown inFIG. 12 described later). The chip also has a connector 9 which connectsthe chip to a gateway, which is described in detail later. Note that notall accelerators need to have a gateway connector 9, but at least somedo for the purposes described herein. In one example arrangement, thechip 2 receives work from the gateway allocated by a host, in the formof input data to be processed by the chip 2. Note that references to thehost may instead imply a reference to an off chip storage system such asnetwork attached storage (NAS). The gateway enables data from a host orNAS to be provided to one or more accelerators, which are designed as asingle chip processor 2 or as multiple single chip processors 2,possibly arranged on multiple interconnected cards. The gateway enablesrelay and disaggregation between accelerator and hosts as detailedlater.

The interconnect 34 is configured to enable the different processortiles 4 in the array 6 to communicate with one another on-chip 2. In theIPU described in our earlier patent applications, communication betweentiles 4 on the accelerator 2 occurs in a time deterministic fashion.However, other forms of inter tile exchange are possible. There may bedependencies between the portions of the program running on differenttiles 4 in the array 6. That is, processing data on one tile may dependon results from another tile, e.g. may provide results on which anothertile depends. A technique is therefore required to prevent a piece ofcode on one tile 4 running ahead of data upon which it is dependentbeing made available by another piece of code on another tile 4.

Parallel programming models for AI and Data Science usually follows a3-phase iterative execution model: Compute, Barrier, and Exchange. Theimplications are that data transfer to and from an accelerator isusually barrier dependent to provide data-consistency between theaccelerators and between each accelerator and the host. Typically useddata consistency models are Bulk Synchronous Parallel (BSP), StaleSynchronous Parallel (SSP) and Asynchronous.

In SSP, the faster worker thread of a plurality of worker threads isallowed to run ahead of the slowest worker thread by a number of clockcycles. A worker thread is able to see updates made to a sharedparameter having a range of time stamps. For example, a worker at clockt is able to see all updates from workers up to those updates that aretimestamped at t−Δ. BSP is a special case where Δ=0 and therefore theworkers may not run ahead of each other.

In the Asynchronous data consistency model, the shared parameters may beread and/or written to at any time.

Embodiments of the invention described herein use a BSP model, but itwill be apparent that the other synch models could be utilised as analternative.

Reference is made to FIGS. 2 and 3 , which illustrate an implementationof a BSP exchange scheme in which each tile 4 performs a compute phase33 and an exchange phase 32 in an alternating cycle, separated from oneto the other by a barrier synchronization 30 between tiles. In the caseillustrated by FIGS. 2 and 3 , a barrier synchronization is placedbetween each compute phase 33 and the following exchange phase 32.During the compute phase 33, each tile 4 performs one or morecomputation tasks locally on-tile, but does not communicate any resultsof these computations with any others of the tiles 4. In the exchangephase 32, each tile 4 is allowed to exchange one or more results of thecomputations from the preceding compute phase to and/or from one or moreothers of the tiles, but does not perform any new computations until ithas received from other tiles 4 any data on which its task(s) has/havedependency. Neither does it send to any other tile, any data except thatcomputed in the preceding compute phase. It is not excluded that otheroperations such as internal control-related operations may be performedin the exchange phase. Note also that a tile 4 performing computationmay be allowed during the compute phase 33 to communicate with thegateway which is external to the array of tiles 4 being synchronized—aslong as this does not involve communication with other tiles 4 withinthe group being synchronized. The communication external to the tilegroup may optionally utilise the BSP mechanism, but alternatively maynot utilize BSP and may instead use some other synchronization mechanismof its own.

According to the BSP principle, a barrier synchronization 30 is placedat the juncture transitioning from the compute phase 33 into theexchange phase 32, or the juncture transitioning from the exchange phase32 into the compute phase 33, or both. That is to say, either: (a) alltiles 4 are required to complete their respective compute phases 33before any in the group is allowed to proceed to the next exchange phase32, or (b) all tiles 4 in the group are required to complete theirrespective exchange phases 32 before any tile in the group is allowed toproceed to the next compute phase 33, or (c) both of these conditionsare enforced. In all three variants, it is the individual processorswhich alternate between phases, and the whole assembly whichsynchronizes. The sequence of exchange and compute phases may thenrepeat over multiple repetitions. In BSP terminology, each repetition ofexchange phase and compute phase is sometimes referred to as a“superstep” (though note that in the literature the terminology is notalways used consistently: sometimes each individual exchange phase andcompute phase individually is called a superstep, whereas elsewhere, asin the terminology adopted herein, the exchange and compute phasestogether are referred to as a superstep).

Note also, it is not excluded that multiple different independent groupsof tiles 4 on the same chip 2 or different chips could each form aseparate respective BSP group operating asynchronously with respect toone another, with the BSP cycle of compute, synchronize and exchangebeing imposed only within each given group, but each group doing soindependently of the other groups. I.e. a multi-tile array 6 mightinclude multiple internally synchronous groups each operatingindependently and asynchronously to the other such groups (discussed inmore detail later). In some embodiments there is a hierarchical groupingof sync and exchange, as will be discussed in more detail later

FIG. 2 illustrates the BSP principle as implemented amongst a group 4 i,4 ii, 4 iii of some or all of the tiles in the array 6, in the casewhich imposes: (a) a barrier synchronization from compute phase 33 toexchange phase 32 (see above). Note that in this arrangement, some tiles4 are allowed to begin computing 33 whilst some others are stillexchanging.

According to embodiments disclosed herein, this type of BSP may befacilitated by incorporating additional, special, dedicatedfunctionality into a machine code instruction for performing barriersynchronization, i.e. the sync instruction. The sync instruction may beexecuted on the processor of the tile, so as to start an exchange phasein which data is exchanged to cause synchronisation of data stored inmemories of the tiles.

A sync instruction has an operand which defines the sync mode. One suchmode is an inter-tile mode sync chip, which causes all tiles on a chipto reach a synchronisation barrier for data exchange. This is managed bya compiler when the instructions for each tile are compiled, as eachtile is executed according to a pre-deterministic time based compilingprotocol.

As mentioned it is possible to combine several accelerators, e.g. IPUs,to produce an accelerator machine 161 having improved processing powercompared to a single accelerator. Such an accelerator machine 161 isillustrated in FIG. 12 . The accelerator machine 161 comprises aplurality (in this example four) of accelerators 162 connected in anarray with each accelerator connected to its neighbour by links 8. Themachine 161 also comprises two gateways 163 that are configured toconnect the machine 161 to one or more hosts (not shown). Each gateway163 is connected to two of the four accelerators 162 via gateway links9.

As will be explained in further detail, the gateways 163 are able toexchange data with their connected accelerators 162 in the exchangephase, following a data exchange synchronisation point. The dataexchange synchronisation point is triggered as a result of the executionof the sync instructions that are part of the pre-compiled code runningon the accelerators. At the start of the data exchange synchronisationpoint, a sync instruction may be executed on the processor of a tile.The execution of one or more sync instructions by one or more tiles ofan accelerator 162 causes one or more sync requests to be issued by theone or more tiles. These sync requests are aggregated by the accelerator162, which then issues an aggregated sync request to its associatedgateway 163. The gateways may be connected to transmit synchronisationsignals between them to enable synchronisation zones to be formed ofmultiple gateways and accelerators. One function of the synchronisationsignals is to facilitate data exchange between the gateways 163 and theassociated accelerators 162 in the exchange phase of a BSP model, butthey have other non-data related applications. Each gateway 163 has alocal memory and is configured to obtain (from the host, from remotestorage, or from another gateway) and store data to be sent to theaccelerators at a data exchange synchronisation point. The data isstored in the local memory in advance of a sync request from theaccelerator 162 so that it is ready to be transferred to theaccelerator. One function of the gateway is to supply requested data tothe accelerator when the accelerator needs it. Data can be obtained bythe gateway from the host or remote storage by different mechanisms asdiscussed later.

Each gateway 163 is also configured to exchange data with othergateways. A gateway 163 may distribute copies of data to be sent to theaccelerators 162 to other gateways. These other gateways 162 may thendistribute data to the accelerators 162 to which they are connected.Therefore, the other gateways 162 receiving the copies of the data neednot independently obtain the data from storage (e.g. host or remotestorage), thereby preventing redundant data from being retrieved from astorage by multiple gateways. This is described in more detail later.Furthermore, as will be described in more detail later, a gateway 163 isconfigured to enable a plurality of different types of data transfer. Agateway 163 is configured to exchange data with other gateways. Agateway 163 is configured to exchange data with one or more accelerators162 to which it is coupled. A gateway 163 is configured to exchange datawith one or more hosts (not shown).

Reference is made to FIG. 4 , which illustrates an example of how thesync request/acknowledgment mechanism works in the case that one or moretiles 53 of the accelerator 51 issue requests for synchronisation to thegateway 52.

The gateway 52 comprises a register 59 that comprises an indication of async zone for an upcoming synchronisation to be carried out. Theregister 59 may be implemented in a shared register block (SRB) in thegateway 52. Prior to a barrier synchronisation, a tile 53 of theaccelerator 51 is configured to transmit an indication 32 of the synczone to which it belongs for the upcoming synchronisation. Since many ofthe tiles 53 of the accelerator 51 may belong to the same sync zone, theaccelerator 51 nominates a tile belonging to the particular sync zonefor writing the indication 32. The sync zone indicates which tiles areto be involved in a synchronisation together. In some cases, a sync zonemay only comprise tiles 53 on the same chip, in which case it isunderstood that a gateway is not involved. In other cases, a sync zonemay be an external sync including tiles 53 on different chips. In somecases, a sync zone includes tiles on a different accelerator. In somecases, a sync zone includes the gateway/s, host and/or remote storage.

Although the indication of the sync zone is here presented as beingtransmitted from the accelerator 51 to the gateway 52, in some otherembodiments, the indication may be determined by the gateway 52 andstored in the register 59. The gateway 52 may make this determinationautonomously on the basis of its pre-compiled code. In some otherembodiments, the indication may be provided as part of the sync request56 that is received from the accelerator 51, or part of the out of band(e.g. PCIe write) sync information provided before the sync request isasserted.

The data exchange synchronisation point is triggered as a result of thesync instructions pre-compiled in the code running on the tiles 53 ofthe accelerator 51. At the start of the data exchange synchronisationpoint, one or more sync instructions may be executed on the processorsof one or more of the tiles 53. Each tile which executes a syncinstruction transmits a sync request, which is received at sync logic 54of the accelerator 51. The sync logic 54 aggregates these sync requests55 and transmits the aggregated sync request 56 to the gateway 52.

The gateway 52 receives from the accelerator 51, the sync request 56,and may allow the synchronisation barrier to be passed. This involvestransmitting a sync acknowledgment 57 to the accelerator 51 in responseto the sync request 56. Allowing the synchronisation barrier to bepassed causes the tiles 53 of the accelerator 51 to exchange data witheach other and, in some circumstances, with the gateway 52 itself. Thedata exchange with the gateway 52 may involve data received at thegateway 52 from the host (not shown) being transferred to one or moretiles 53 of the accelerator 51. The data exchange with the gateway 52may involve data received at the gateway 52 from another gateway (notshown) being transferred to one or more tiles of the accelerator 53. Thedata received from the other gateway may have originated from anotheraccelerator. This is one mechanism by which data exchange betweenaccelerators may be achieved via the gateways. The data received fromthe other gateway may have originated from another host. Anothermechanism is through a facility of the gateways to enable oneaccelerator connected to a gateway to write directly to anotheraccelerator connected to another gateway, via a fabric port between thegateways. To achieve this, all storage locations in each grouping ofaccelerators/gateways (i.e. chassis/group/rack etc) form part of asingle global address space.

The gateway 52 has three data exchange boundaries: (i)gateway—accelerator; (ii) gateway—external; and (iii) gateway-gateway.These have different requirements and therefore are managed by differentprotocols. However, they have to be co-ordinated such that accelerator51 data is available in gateway memory when it is requested (i.e. onsync) by an accelerator 51, but that the gateway memory which storesdata for the gateway 52 does not overflow.

As mentioned, prior to the synchronisation, an indication is stored inthe register 59 as to the sync zone for a group of tiles 53 of theaccelerator. In some embodiments, the write 50 to this register 59 ismade prior to the issuance of the sync request 56 to the gateway 52. Thetile may transmit the indication at the end of the previous exchangephase or at the beginning of the compute step preceding the exchangephase in which the corresponding synchronisation will take place. Aseparate write 50 to the register 59 is carried out for eachsynchronisation barrier. Upon receiving a sync request 56, the gateway52 is configured to consume from the register 59, the indicationcorresponding to the sync request. The gateway 52 is configured to onlytransmit the acknowledgment 57 for the sync request to the accelerator51 if an indication corresponding to the sync request 56 has beenwritten to the register 59. In other words, the gateway 52 will onlytransmit the acknowledgment 57 for the sync request to the accelerator51 if the value has been refreshed since the last barrier.

If there is a delay in the writing to the register 59 of the indicationof the sync zone—because, for example, one or more tiles 53 of theaccelerator are unable to determine their sync zone until the end of thecompute phase—then the sync request may be received before the registeris updated with the corresponding indication of the sync zone. In thiscase, the gateway 52 waits to transmit the acknowledgment 57 until theregister 59 receives the corresponding indication of the sync zone. Thesystem may, therefore, be subject to a small latency whilst waiting forthe register 59 to be refreshed.

The gateway 52 uses the indication of the sync zone that is stored inthe register 59 to generate and transmit the sync acknowledgment 57 tothe correct tiles, chips and/or accelerators. For example, if theindication of the sync zone is that the sync zone includes theaccelerator 51 and, additionally, a further accelerator (not shown), thegateway 52 transmits a sync acknowledgment to the accelerator 51 and tothe further accelerator in response to receipt of the sync request. Thegateway 52 may read the indication of the sync zone from the register 59and in dependence on this indication, propagate the sync acknowledgmentor request 57 accordingly.

The indication of the sync zone that is stored in the register 59comprises an indication of whether or not data transfer from the gateway52 itself is required as part of the synchronisation. This indicationmay be implicit from the indication of the sync zone stored in theregister 59. If the gateway 52 determines that data transfer isrequired, the gateway 52 then applies a credit control mechanism todetermine whether or not to allow the synchronisation barrier to bepassed. If the gateway 52 determines that data transfer is not required,the gateway 52 transmits the sync acknowledgment 57 to the accelerator51 without applying the credit control mechanism. For the credit controlmechanism, if there are one or more of a first set of credits (referredto as ESP (exchange synchronisation point) credits) available in astorage (the Local Sync Barrier Module (LSBM), to be described later) ofthe gateway 52, then the gateway 52 is configured to allow thesynchronisation barrier to be passed in response to receipt of the syncrequest 56 by transmitting the sync acknowledgment 57 to the accelerator51 and transferring the data of the synchronisation to the accelerator51 from gateway memory (not shown in FIG. 4 ). If there are zero of theESP credits available, the gateway 52 will not acknowledge 57 thesynchronisation request 56 and will not transfer the data from thegateway memory (not shown in FIG. 4 ) to the accelerator 51 thus causingthe synchronisation to stall. This credit control mechanism, which isdescribed in more detail below, allows the gateway 52 and theaccelerator 51 to remain synchronised in the BSP protocol with respectto one another.

In some embodiments, the gateway 52 and accelerator 51 each comprisepre-compiled code, allowing the gateway 52 to provide the required datato the accelerator 51 at the correct time.

After the sync logic 54 of the accelerator 51 has transmitted the syncrequest 56, the sync logic 54 will await the sync acknowledgment(sync_ack) 57 from the gateway 52. When the sync logic 54 of theaccelerator 51 receives the sync acknowledgement 57 from the gateway 52,it will return the sync acknowledgment signal 57 (sync_ack) to the tiles53 that issued the sync requests 55. All the sync requesting tiles 53will be automatically paused until the sync acknowledgment 58 (sync_ack)from the external sync logic 54 is returned. In response to the syncacknowledgement 58, the tiles 53 resume instruction issue for thesupervisor, i.e. they re-enter the compute phase.

The actual data (content) may be transmitted between the acceleratortiles 53 and the gateway 52 by a different channel to the sync requests55/56 and the sync acknowledgements 57/58. Further, it will beappreciated that the skilled person will be capable of buildingdifferent types of circuits for implementing the disclosedsynchronization and aggregation functionality given the specification ofthat functionality disclosed herein. For instance, the synchronisationlogic 54 could use dedicated wiring for transmitting the sync requests56 and sync acknowledgments 57/58. The synchronisation logic 54 couldinstead use packets carried over an interconnect as an alternative todedicated wiring. For example, the sync request 55/56 and/or the syncacknowledgment 57/58 could each be transmitted in the form of one ormore packets.

Reference is made to FIG. 5 , which illustrates, in more detail, theconcept of sync zones. As illustrated in FIG. 5 , in embodiments theindication of the sync zone that is written to the register 59 of thegateway 52 can be used to specify one of multiple different possibleexternal sync zones, e.g. zone_1 or zone_2. In embodiments, thesecorrespond to different hierarchical levels. That is to say, each higherhierarchical level 92 (e.g. zone 2) encompasses two or more zones 91A,91B of at least one lower hierarchical level. Using FIG. 9 as anexample, the two leftmost gateways for gateways and accelerators mighthave a sync zone 0 in which the one of the two gateways is the master.Likewise, the two rightmost gateways and accelerators might have a synczone 0 in which one of the two gateways is the master. Then there mayfurther be a sync zone 1 which is the entirety of the diagram (and thenany arbitrary gateway might be nominated as the sync master). Then itwould be possible for several hierarchies of sync to be utilized by theprogram:

-   -   1. Internal accelerators only sync—tiles on the same accelerator        might sync    -   2. IPU+gateway only (data) sync—single accelerator asking its        gateway for sync (e.g. to coordinate the exchange of data).    -   3. Leftmost sync zone 0 (with or without credits at each        gateway)    -   4. Rightmost sync zone 0 (with or without credits at each        gateway)    -   5. Sync zone 1 (with or without credits at each gateway)

The indication may indicate gateway involvement (i.e. that data is to betransferred between gateway 52 and the accelerator 51) for thesynchronisation. The indication may indicate involvement of a furthergateway other than gateway 52, where the accelerator 51 may communicatewith the further gateway via the gateway 52. Therefore, when acorresponding sync instruction is executed, the tile 53 which executesthis sync instruction will be synchronised with the host 63 via datatransfer with the gateway 52. In the case where a further gateway isindicated for involvement, the sync request from the accelerator 51 maybe passed (after being aggregated with other sync requests received atthe gateway 52) upstream to the further gateway. The gateway 52 awaits async acknowledgment from the further gateway, before providing the syncacknowledgment to the accelerator. This scenario is described in moredetail later with respect to FIG. 8 .

In response to the indication in the register 59 indicating an externalsync zone, the gateway 52 transmits a sync acknowledgment 57 to theaccelerator in the external sync zone. The dedicated hardware sync logic54 in the accelerator receives the sync acknowledgment (sync_ack) 57from the gateway and transmits the sync acknowledgement 58 to the tiles4 of the indicated group. The sync logic 54 will return the syncacknowledgment signal 58 (sync_ack) to the tiles in the signalled synczone only once a synchronization request (sync_req) 55 has been receivedfrom all the tiles 4 in that zone (but will not wait for any other tilesoutside that zone if it is not a global sync).

Note that in other embodiments, the sync zones that can be specified bythe indication in the register 59 are not limited to being hierarchicalin nature. In general, the indication in the register 59 may be providedwith modes corresponding to any kind of grouping. For instance, themodes may enable selection from amongst only non-hierarchical groups, ora mixture of hierarchical groupings and one or more non-hierarchicalgroups (where at least one group is not entirely nested within another).This advantageously enables the flexibility for the programmer orcompiler, with minimal code density, to select between different layoutsof internally-synchronous groups which can run asynchronously to oneanother until a broader synchronization is required

As explained, some synchronisation barriers involve synchronising tilesof an accelerator with data from the host, whereas some synchronisationbarriers do not. An example is illustrated schematically in FIG. 6 forthe global sync zone 92. The system is allowed to perform N supersteps,passing through N sync barriers 80, before a barrier 90 also requiringsynchronisation with the host 63 is imposed. At the synchronisationbarrier 90 with the host 63, data, which has been transferred to thegateway 52 from the host 63, is transferred to the accelerator 51 fromthe gateway 52. The N sync barriers require sync requests from all the(non-abstaining) tiles 4 in the relevant sync group 92 but not the host63. The subsequent sync barrier 80 requires sync requests from all the(non-abstaining) tiles 4 in the sync group 92. Furthermore, to pass thesync barrier 80 requires that the gateway stores a sufficient number ofESP credits to pass the particular barrier. After this barrier 90, anexchange 50″ may be performed between the gateway and one or more of thetiles 4, e.g. for one or more of the tiles 4 to report computationresults to the host 63.

Reference, is now made to FIG. 7 , which illustrates in further detailhow a host 63 interacts and exchanges data with an accelerator 51. Thehost 63 is configured to provide data for the accelerator 51 to process.The accelerator 51 is configured to process the data and deliver theresults of the processing to the host 63. The gateway 52 is responsiblefor streaming data in a managed fashion between the host 63 and theaccelerator 51 for the exchange of data. In the example, the accelerator51 may be an IPU as described above with reference to the precedingFigures. However, the gateway 52 may be useable for interfacing a host63 with other types of accelerator 51.

Data synchronisation between host 63, gateway 52 and accelerator 51through Exchange Synchronisation Points ensures gateway data consistencyand readiness for I/O operations. The availability of data betweengateway 52 and accelerator 51 is handled via a credit mechanism of ESPcredits. One credit allows one ESP to be passed. The gateway memory 114preparation, ahead of an ESP, is handled by the gateway 52 executing“pre-work” instructions. The data handling after the ESP is performed byexecuting “post-work” instructions. A PPE execution engine 123,described later, executes the pre- and post-work instructions.

As shown in FIG. 7 (and referring also to FIG. 5 ), the gateway 52comprises at least one “Local Sync Propagation Module” (LSPM) 117 and atleast one “Local Sync Barrier Module” (LSBM) 118. The LSBM 118 can beconsidered as a kind of proxy to the PPE and enables the program runningon the accelerators to process batches of data to be decoupled from thehost. The accelerator 51/gateway 52 synchronisation can runasynchronously from the host 63 activity in providing data to thegateway 52. The LSBM 118 is configured to store the ESP creditsdiscussed above. The LSBM is accessible to the LSPM 117

The LSBM 118 comprises hardware circuitry configured to enable the host63 to participate in the respective sync group 92 in which the LSBM 118is arranged to act as a proxy to the PPE. A sync request 56 emitted bythe tiles 4, if it is a sync with gateway involvement, will be usingboth the LSPM 117 and LSBM 118 of the gateway 52 whereas a sync request56 for a sync which does not involve transfer of data between gateway 52and accelerator 51 will be received by the LSPM 117 and returned to therequesting tiles without involving the LSBM 118. Thus the tiles 4determine by virtue of the program they execute when, if at all, theaccelerator 51 requires to interact with the gateway via the LSBM 118.

If the accelerator 51 requires to interact with the gateway, the LSBM118 is then configured to allow the synchronisation barrier to be passedwhen a sync request 56 is received, providing the number of ESP creditsis greater than zero. Allowing the synchronisation barrier to be passedinvolves generating a sync acknowledgement (not shown) and sending thissync acknowledgment to the accelerator 51.

As explained above, the gateway 52 stores a set of credits associatedwith the interface between itself and the accelerator 51. These creditsare referred to in the description as exchange synchronization points(ESP) credits. However, the skilled person would understand that thisname is used to conveniently identify the credits only and does notimply a limitation as to the nature of the credits. The ESP credits mayalso be referred to as barrier credits, since they control whether ornot a data exchange operation may be executed for one barrier.

If the number of ESP credits in the LSBM 118 is zero, when a syncrequest 56 is received and the corresponding indication in the register59 is such that data transfer with the gateway is required, the LSPM 117does not allow the synchronisation barrier to be passed and thereforedoes not allow the tiles 4 in the group 92 to continue running againuntil the number of ESP credits is greater than zero. The generation ofESP credits may be achieved when data, which is for transfer to theaccelerator 51 at the exchange synchronisation point, becomes availablein the gateway 52. In some cases, this data may become available as aresult of it being transferred from the host 63 or network attached orother external storage. In other cases, this data may become availableas a result it being transferred from another gateway. The data receivedfrom the other gateway may be data from another accelerator or fromanother host or remote storage.

In some embodiments, there may be a plurality of sets of ESP creditsheld by the gateway 52. There may be different sets of credits fordifferent sync groups. In this case, a sync request 56 corresponding toone sync group may cause the gateway 52 to acknowledge the request (ifthe number of ESP credits for that group is non-zero), whereas a syncrequest 56 corresponding to another sync group may not cause the gateway52 to acknowledge the request (if the number of ESP credits for thatgroup is zero). There may also be different sets of credits for thedifferent accelerators configured to communicate with the gateway 52. Asshown in FIG. 12 , each gateway 163 is configured to communicate withtwo accelerators 162, and therefore, the gateway 52 may store two setsof ESP credits for each accelerator 162. If each accelerator 162 has twopossible sync groups requiring gateway data transfer, this leads to foursets of credits in total being held by each gateway 163.

Tiles 4 of a sync group can be allowed to continue running through Nbarriers synchronized (with sync requests being forwarded to andacknowledged by the LSPM 117) without deferring at all to the gateway,after which they must then synchronize with the gateway via the LSBM 118(and may then exchange data to and/or from the gateway. See for exampleFIG. 6 .

As explained above, the software running on the tiles 4 is programmed torequest a sync with the gateway by transmitting an indication (which maybe included in the sync request or transmitted separately) as to whetheror not gateway involvement is required for the sync. This indication isstored in register 59 of the gateway 52. In such embodiments, the abovedescribed credit control mechanism is applied only by the LSBM 118 forthe barriers corresponding to syncs marked as requiring gatewayinvolvement (the “involvement” of the gateway for any given barrierbeing either the proxy granting (LSBM) of the sync ack by the LSPM 118on behalf of the host, or occasionally the explicit granting of more ESPcredits to LSBM 118). In embodiments, the gateway involvement isselected by different variants of the sync zone indication that isstored in the register 59. That is, for each sync group 91, 92, there iseffectively two variants that the sync zone indication can take:zone_1_host, zone_1_no_host; and zone_2_host, zone_2_no_host. Theexecution unit of the tile is configured to cause the synchronizationlogic 54 to signal the gateway involvement marker accordingly. In otherembodiments however, it is not excluded that other mechanisms could beimplemented for requesting gateway involvement, or even that gatewayinvolvement is hardwired and therefore always imposed.

In embodiments, preparation for barriers performed by the gateway mayinclude the preparation of data to be fetched by the accelerator 51,such as experience data sets required by the accelerator 51 for the nextstage in learning a model. Preparation in this context may includefetching the data from storage disks or other media, formatting data ina form which is required by the training algorithm running on theaccelerator 51 or decompression of image data. Additionally, preparationfor barriers may include consuming output data produced by theaccelerator 51. As discussed later, some or all of this preparation maybe conducted at the gateway 52. As a minimum, the gateway 52 is in thepathway between the storage disks or other media and the accelerator 51.

The sync request 56 to the LSBM 118 could be delivered from a processingelement as a network (or PCIe) packet, and/or the sync acknowledgment 57could be returned as a network (or PCIe) packet. In general the (or a)gateway may be involved in any one or more of the hierarchical levels ofsync.

Generally, the concept of ESP credits can be applicable to anymulti-tile architecture, not just the example architecture disclosedherein. Nor is it necessarily limited to the BSP application context.The disclosed technique has a particular synergy with systems whichemploy a single rendez-vous point such as BSP, or when the number ofdistinct rendezvous points between a host or other outside-world systemand the machine in question is limited to just one rendezvous or a verysmall number (as opposed to, say, CSP). Nonetheless the applicability ofthe present disclosure is not absolutely limited in this respect. In anysystem or application, a latency saving can be achieved by enabling thetiles to pass through a specified number of synchronization barrierswithout involving the gateway, thus reducing the number of times themulti-tile sub-system has to interact with the gateway and thereforereducing the number of times the latency penalty of doing so isincurred.

Furthermore, although embodiments have been exemplified in terms of aPCIe interface between cards or with the host 63, this is not limitingand other types of interface could be used, e.g. Ethernet.

Furthermore, the implementation is not limited to synchronisingcommunications between a host system 63 and an accelerator 51 whichwould otherwise run asynchronously. In embodiments, the gateway 52 couldbe employed for the synchronization between two independent BSP or otherparallel processing subsystems, which run synchronously internally, butrun asynchronously, with respect to one another. The gateway 52 allowsthe size of a sync group to be increased to a much larger size andenables a more efficient tree structure for those larger groups.

The batches of data received at the gateway 52 are stored in a memory114. The memory 114 is a local memory (e.g. DRAM) that is reserved foruse by the gateway 52. In response to the sync request 56, the data maybe retrieved from the memory 114 by the gateway 52 and transferred tothe accelerator 51. The path 116 illustrates the flow of each batch ofdata. Note that each batch of data is held in the memory 114 for aperiod of time which may vary from batch to batch. It depends on thetime the batch enters the gateway 52 and the time it is pushed to theaccelerator 51, and these are not necessarily related.

The LSPM 117 may be configured to indicate, to the gateway 52, thetiming of the transfer of data from the memory 114 to the accelerator51, or from the accelerator 51 to the memory 114. This allows the LSPM117 to dictate the appropriate timing for the deployment of data fromthe accelerator 61 to the memory 114 so as to prevent overflowing of thegateway memory 114.

Furthermore, the flow of data into the gateway memory 114 from thehost/remote storage is managed so as to avoid overflowing the gatewaymemory 114.

In FIG. 7 , data for processing by the accelerator 51 is transferredfrom the host 63 to the gateway 52, which stores it in local memory 114.The data may be pulled by the gateway 52 via RDMA read or may be writtenvia an RDMA write made by the host 63 to the gateway 52.

Reference is made to FIG. 11 , which shows an alternative scheme inwhich data 116 is retrieved by the gateway 52 from a network attachedstorage 151. The network attached storage 151 is also be referred toherein as remote storage. In FIG. 11 , like elements to elements of FIG.11 are indicated with like reference numerals.

In FIG. 11 , the host 63 sends a descriptor 119 to the gateway 52. Thedescriptor 118 identifies the location of a network attached storage 151that is accessible to the gateway 52. The gateway 52, when executing adata fetching instruction referring to the descriptor 119, retrieves thedata 116 from the network attached storage 151. The gateway 52 thenstores the data 116 in memory 114 prior to transferring the data to theaccelerator 51.

In some embodiments, instead of transferring the descriptor 119 from thehost 63 to the gateway 52, the pre-compiled code stored by the gateway52 includes the descriptor. In this case, the gateway 52 autonomouslyretrieves data from the remote storage 151 without the intervention ofthe host. In some examples of the application, the gateway 52 comprisesa System on Chip (SoC) serving as a standalone appliance so that noexternal host 63 is required. The entire application stack runs directlyon the SoC or on one of the SoCs in the broader system. The gateway 52is configurable to operate in a first mode where it interacts with anexternal host 63 processor and a second mode where no such external host63 is required. The remaining parts of the gateway 52 (e.g. thestreaming engine, described with respect to FIG. 8 ) perform the samefunctions irrespective of which of these modes the gateway 52 isconfigured to operate in.

Reference is made to FIG. 8 , which illustrates the gateway 52 in moredetail. FIG. 8 shows the various paths that data takes through thegateway 52.

FIG. 8 shows how data 120, which is for processing by the accelerator51, is transferred to the memory 114 from the host 63 or remote storage151. As already mentioned, in some examples, the data 120 is transferredto the gateway 52 from the host 63. In other examples, the data 120 isreceived from local or remote storage 151 (e.g. network attachedstorage) in response to a read request from the remote storage 151 madeby the gateway 52. The gateway 52 retrieves the data 120 from the remotestorage 151 via RDMA. The data 120 is received via the data centreports. Additionally, as well as retrieving data, the gateway 52 writesdata (not shown) to the host 63/remote storage 151. The data writes aremade via the data centre ports. During the exchange phase, data may betransferred from gateway memory 114 to the accelerator 51.

Instead of, or in addition to, the transfer of data to the accelerator51 from gateway memory 114 during the exchange phase, data may betransferred from the accelerator 51 to the gateway 52. The accelerator51 is configured to send the data in the form of data packets to thegateway 52, wherein each data packet includes a header indicating anaddress. The gateway 52 uses the address of the data packets todetermine where to send them. For example, the data packets may bestored in local memory 114. The data packets may be sent to a furthergateway 128. The data packets may be dispatched to an acceleratorconnected to the further gateway 128. The data packets may be sent tohost 63/remote storage 151.

The data 120 traverses the gateway 52 to the memory 114 under thecontrol of a streaming engine 124 (which is also responsible forretrieval of data 121 from memory 114 for delivery to the accelerator51). The streaming engine 124 performs execution of the data streamingoperations. These operations for a batch of data may be specified by awork descriptor (WD). The streaming engine 124 comprises two executionengines and code memory (not shown). One of the execution engines is aData Mover Engine (DME) 122, the other is a Pre/Post Work engine (PPE)123. They execute instructions loaded into the code memory as anexecutable image, which is produced by a compiler. The streaming engine124 has a set of work instructions for execution by the DME 122 and aset of work instructions for execution by the PPE 123. The sets ofinstructions for the DME and PPE are coordinated by the WD, as set up atcompile time. These instructions for a single data exchangesynchronisation point may be grouped together into a single WD. The DME124 is operated by specific DME instructions found in the DME sectionsof the executable image. The DME 124 uses the WD for navigating to theset of data mover (DMOV) instructions that relates to a given ESP. ThePPE 123 is operated by specific PPE instructions found in the PPEsections of the executable image. The PPE 123 uses the WD for navigatingto the set of pre/post-work instructions that relates to a given ESP.

The PPE's pre-work must be ready before the data exchange with theaccelerator 51. The PPE's post-work in the WD can only start after theexchange has completed. The data exchange comes immediately after thesync request 56 is acknowledged and signalled both to the accelerator 51and streaming engine 124. This request/ack signals an “ExchangeSynchronization Point” (ESP).

The streaming engine 124 supports different data streaming models.

All models support a configuration where a host is allowed to tightlycontrol the consumption of ESP credits. This supports the co-ordinationof I/O operations between host 63, gateway 52, and accelerator 51, aswell as a mechanism for stalling the accelerator 51 in case this isneeded for other accelerator level I/O mechanisms not making use of thegateway memory 114. It may also be a mechanism used for settingbreak-points or single-stepping a full fabric of accelerators. Whenrunning any model under tight flow-control from a host 63, the ESPcredits granted by the host 63 are transferred by the PPE scheduler tothe “ESP credit register” (part of the LSBM 118). The ESP CreditRegister can be read/written by gateway 52 hardware and firmware.

The first streaming model that is supported by the streaming engine 124is referred to as “Advanced Gateway (GW) push”. In Advanced GW push, thePPE 123 streams data from/to external storage and the gateway (GW)memory 114, whilst the DME 122 pushes data to the accelerator 51.Execution is based upon instructions from the compiled executable imageheld by the gateway. Generation of the executable image for thestreaming engine 124 is integrated with the accelerator compiler. Thecompiler generates two related complied code sequences or executableimages. A first of these is executed on the accelerator 51, whilst thesecond is executed on the gateway. In some embodiments, the host 63 mayprovide the compiled code sequences to the accelerator 51 and gateway52.

The “gateway push model” is a usage model where the gateway 52 is theone that pushes data. This model differs from the “gateway pull models”(discussed below) in that it pushes data to the accelerator 51 at agreedpoints in times (at agreed ESPs). This generic push model can supportdifferent types of Memory Consistency Protocols or Bridging Models forparallel programming. Examples include Bulk Synchronous Parallel (BSP),Stale Synchronous Parallel (SSP) and Async Parallel.

The Advanced gateway (GW) push model uses the credit mechanism forcontrolling the availability of data input (relative the accelerator) tobe pushed, as well as availability of gateway 52 data buffers for theaccelerator 51 to output data into. The gateway 52 executes both DataMover Instructions (DME 122 is pushing data to the accelerator 51) ANDpre/post-work engine instructions for transferring data with theexternal nodes (host, NAS, or other gateways). The PPE 123 isresponsible for effectively stalling the DME 122 through missing ESPcredits when accelerator input data is not available due to external I/Obottlenecks. A similar stall is also required when accelerator outputdata (headed for remote host/storage) is piling up in gateway 52 memory114 due to external I/O bottlenecks.

This model allows the gateway 52 to deliver data with lower latencysince this model allows for the pre-fetching of data from GW memory 114into high speed gateway transfer memory 127 (e.g. SRAM) before the pushto the accelerator 51 happens. Also, a push is an inherently lowerlatency operation than a pull because a pull requires a round trip. I.e.a pull requires a read request followed by the return of data inresponse to the read request. On the other hand, a push simply involvesthe transfer of the data.

Another advantage of the advanced gateway push model is that theaccelerator 51 benefits from not spending valuable compute resources onpulling data, but instead offloads the data movement to the gateway DME122.

The memory consistency models as described above (BSP, SSP, Async etc.)could be combined with the push model. The accelerator 51 run-time wouldthen have to make sure that external barriers will trigger DME 122 andPPE 123 data movement. In case of a push operation, the ESP credits willbe decremented by one by the gateway 52.

The second streaming model is referred to as advanced accelerator pull.In this streaming model, a PPE 123 streams data from/to external storageinto gateway memory 114. The accelerator 51 then pulls data from theGateway 52 via a PCIe read operation(s). PPE 123 execution is based uponinstructions from the executable image in code memory.

In this model, the DME 122 is disabled and does not execute theoperations described above. The PPE 123, on the other hand, is activeand obtains the data and store it in memory 114 by issuing “pullrequests” (i.e. read requests) from the external storage. Theaccelerator 51 will then pull data from the memory 114 at thepre-defined ESPs. The advanced accelerator pull model makes use of anexecutable image that contains pre/post-work instructions, without theDMOV instructions. The host 63 synchronizes the accelerator 51 via theESP credit mechanism so that it pulls valid data prepared in gatewaymemory 114 at the expected ESP.

Also for this model, the PPE 123 is responsible for stalling the LSPM(via a credit mechanism) when accelerator 51 input data is not availabledue to external 10 bottlenecks. A similar stall may also be performedwhen accelerator 51 output data (headed for remote host/storage) ispiling up in gateway memory 114 due to external 10 bottlenecks.

The third streaming model is referred to as simple accelerator pull. Inthis streaming model, the host 63 streams data in to/out of gatewaymemory 114. The accelerator 51 pulls data from the gateway 52 via PCIeread operation(s). The gateway 52 in this case does not execute PPEinstructions but is instead a slave of a predefined I/O scheme betweenhost 63 or NAS and the gateway 52.

In this model, the gateway memory 114 serves as a memory region, whereinthe host 63 has control over its contents. There are no instructionsexecuted in the gateway 52 for loading data in memory 114. Furthermore,the DME 122 is disabled and does not execute instructions. The PPE 123is not executing instructions, but is still functioning as a proxy toupdate ESP credits given by the host 63 for the accelerator 51 todiscover when data is available.

The gateway memory 114 allocated for the streaming of data is maintainedby host 63 as if it was PCIe attached memory, with the only differencethat RDMA is used instead of PCIe.

In the above described streaming push models, the gateway 52 hides theaccelerator memory access latency by using the gateway memory 114 as anon-chip streaming buffer. The overall benefits of the streaming engine124 are that data movement can be overlapped with acceleratorcomputation and pre-loaded into the memory 114 of the gateway 52 aheadof timed push operations. The Advanced GW push model has the additionalbenefit that it frees up accelerator resources otherwise used for DMAoperations.

Execution of the data streaming operations in the gateway 52 isperformed by the streaming engine 124 that, depending on the operationalmodel, will run all or a subset of the gateway 52 instruction set. Theinstructions are loaded into gateway memory 114 as an executable image.Generation of executable images for the streaming engine 124 will beintegrated with a specific accelerator/gateway compiler environment inwhich the compiler produces related code for running on the accelerator51 and gateway 52.

The streaming engine 124 can be seen to comprise a set of hardware andsoftware components that work together to ensure that the acceleratorsare supplied with data I/O in a performance optimal way. Depending onthe operational model of the gateway 52 or streaming engine 124, thestreaming engine 124 may push data in a “just in time” fashion, i.e. atplanned data exchange phases representing a conditional entry-point tothe next accelerator compute step, or may make data available in gatewaymemory 114 for the accelerator 51 to pull in the same “just in time”fashion. Preparing relevant data in gateway memory 114 prior to the dataexchange phase is done via pre-scheduled data streaming instructionsexecuted by the gateway streaming engine 124. The push model canadditionally pre-fetch data from the gateway memory 114 into gatewaytransfer memory 127 (e.g. SRAM) for reduced latency during data exchangephases. The concept of bringing data into gateway memory 114 “just intime” is useful for cases where the gateway memory 114 is not largeenough for holding all the data needed by accelerator computationalgorithms.

The PPE engine uses the WD for navigating to the set of pre-work (PRE)and post-work (POW) instructions that relate to a given ESP. The terms“pre” and “post” indicate whether the operation happens before or aftera WD's data exchange phase with an accelerator or other target. The PRWinstruction has as its main responsibility to bring data into gatewaymemory 114 (e.g. from host 63, remote storage 151, or from a furthergateway 128) from the host 63 or as a preparation for one or more DMOVpush instructions. “Post-work” has as its main responsibility to movedata out of GW memory 114 (e.g. to host 63 or remote storage 151). ThePPE instructions are located in the PPE specific image section.

The DME 122 is active in the “gateway push” operational model asdescribed above. In the push model, the DME 122 uses the WD fornavigating to the set of data mover (DMOV) instructions that relate to agiven ESP. The DMOV instructions push data towards the accelerator. TheWD and DME related instructions are located in a DME specific imagesection. The DME instructions sourced from the image in physical DDRmemory of the gateway 52 are converted into DMA descriptor lists thatare executed by the DME's DMA machine as part of the DMOV instructions.The DME 122 will prepare DMA descriptors for several planned dataexchanges that are controlled by stop criteria that allows full controlof the size of each batched data exchange with the accelerator 51.

The DME 122 uses a high level programmable multi-channel DMA machinedesigned for streaming data in and out of accelerator memory. The DME122 supports streaming of data to a single accelerator 51 over one ortwo high speed data buses using load-distribution. If the accelerator 51is agnostic to data loading sequences, the load-distribution is achievedby local DME decisions and is not controlled by information found in theexecutable image.

A WD is considered “ready for execution” (or fully prepared) when allpre-work related instructions for the WD are completed as well as allthe post-work instructions that have an end-criteria for this WD. Onlythen, will an ESP credit for the WD be added to the set of ESP creditsin the LSBM 118.

A WD is considered “completed” when the “end of exchange” criteria ismet. This is when all deployment operations (DMOV) are completed and alloutput data received from the accelerator 51 is determined to be equalto the expected output size. The expected output size is indicated inthe WD.

The gateway 52 needs a way for the PPE 123 to signal to the DME 122 whena WD is fully prepared, and this is done by adding an ESP credit to theDME 122 (one could call this a WD credit or an exchange credit as well).A PPE 123 engine running several WDs ahead of the DME 122 is allowed toadd several ESP credits. This prevents the accelerators from having towait for PPE work to complete at each ESP. Optimally, at each ESPtransition, ESP credits should be already available, such that thebarrier can be passed without stalling the accelerator.

One credit represents the ability of the DME 122 to transfer all datafor the first data exchange with the accelerator 52. The PPE 123increments the ESP credits by adding a new credit every time the PPEcompletes data pre-fetch (i.e. completes the pre-work) for the nextsequential ESP. If the PPE 123 pre-loading of data from external nodesis not completed in time for the ESP, the DME 122 will find its ESPcredits to be zero, and the execution stalls until the PPE 123increments the credit count. Stalling one accelerator 51 due to missingdata, will effectively stall the full set of cooperating acceleratorsrunning synchronously (i.e. sharing the same barrier sync network).

Each DMOV instruction is executed by the DME 122 in hardware as a DMAoperation. These DMOV instructions are executed when the gateway pushmodel is applied. The DMOV instructions move data residing in thereferenced data buffer (in gateway memory 114) to its destination. Thatwould normally be an accelerator 51 memory location, but otherdestinations are supported as well.

Since the streaming of data is batched per ESP, the DME 122 will stoptransferring data when the required number of buffers from gatewaymemory 114 are transferred. The number of bytes exchanged per ESP batchis indicated in the WD by parameter fields for both 1) streaming engine124 push operations and for 2) writes into gateway memory 114. It isexpected that the number of bytes to push is equal to number of bytes inall buffers scheduled for the same WD. If there is a mismatch, this willlead to an exception situation.

The DME 122 is configured to use physical memory addresses forretrieving data from memory 114 without the support of a memorymanagement unit (MMU).

For accelerators 51 with dual bus attachments to the gateway 52, thereis no information in the DMOV to indicate which bus the data should bedirected to. The DME 122 controls the selection of the bus, so as tobalance traffic transmitted over the two busses.

The DMOV may be linked to a pre-initialized data buffer in gatewaymemory 114, and thus, in this case, there is no need for a relatedprework instruction to fill the buffer.

Alternatively, a single DMOV (with a single memory data buffer in memory114) may be linked to a set of pre-work instructions for data gatheroperations. Each such referenced pre-work instruction will bring datafrom a specific source and location into the same data buffer atdifferent offsets, thus forming a gather operation. The pre-workinstruction is scheduled in the same WD as the DMOV it prepares datafor. A single pre-work operation may provide data to be pushed byseveral DMOV operations.

The pre/post-work engine instruction sets are executed by thepre/post-work engine implemented in software. There is a need to perform“pre-work” relative to a given ESP and there is a need to perform“post-work” relative to a given ESP.

The autonomous execution of instructions by the PPE may be implementedin the “gateway push” and “Advanced accelerator pull” operationalmodels. PPE 123 uses RDMA, NFS, NVMoF, iSCSI or any other supported fileaccess protocol for moving data to/from gateway external memory/storage114. The execution of the streaming operation is controlled directly bythe PPE instructions found in the “post/pre-work sections” of theexecutable image. The PPE 123 can be viewed as a software basedstreaming processor that takes instructions from the image file andconverts these to local/remote storage operations. These transfers willbe between gateway memory 114 and external memory/storage

The PPE 123 executes in parallel with the DME 122, and since the DME 122depends on the results of the PPE 123, the PPE 123 has to have its workdone before the Data Mover operation performed by the DME 122 isscheduled. This is taken care of in the executable image by groupingtogether, using the work descriptors, DME 122 and PPE 123 instructionsthat belong to the same data exchange synchronisation point.

Each PRW instruction retrieves data from external storage and stores thedata into a pre-compiled data buffer (in gateway memory 114) that thePRW instruction points to. PRW instructions come in different variantsdepending on the source of the data. These variants require differentparameter sets detailing the external 10 operation. These details arelooked up in referenced 10 templates set up by the control plane via thegateway control channel prior to execution start.

The compiler pre-assigns regions of memory 114 for buffers that arereferenced by PRW instructions. These buffers are used for storing dataretrieved from external storage when the PRW instructions are executed.

The set of ESP credits is incremented by the PPE 123 for each WD whenall pre-work related instructions scheduled for this WD are completed,and only if all pre-work related instructions scheduled for all previousWDs are also completed, and only if all post-work related instructionsthat have an end-criteria on this WD are also completed.

The PRW instructions come in different variants depending on thesource/destination of the data.

The execution order of the PRW instructions is the order in which theyare expressed in the executable image. However, smaller batches of thePRW instructions will be run in parallel to optimize I/O performancefrom remote locations. One or more PRW instruction from one or more WDsare executed in advance of the WD when the data is needed. This isrequired to fill the data “pipeline” to be consumed by the WD. Thegateway 52 has a parallel execution engine for pre-work, allowing it todo this pre-work filling the data “pipeline”.

The completion order for PRW instructions may not be the same as theorder of the instructions in the executable image. Such out of ordercompletion is, however, not a problem since the data ends up in gatewaymemory 114 with no sequence requirements. When it comes to thedeployment sequence of this data to the accelerator 51, the DME 122ensures that the instruction order is that expressed by the executableimage.

A PRW instruction always has an end criteria. The PRW instruction isscheduled by the GW 52 to be completed in due time before a given WD atwhich the supplied data is needed by the accelerator 51. The endcriteria is represented by the WD in which the PRW instruction iscontained. In cases where the data cannot be supplied in time for theWD, the data exchange phase will be delayed until the data is available.This effectively stalls the accelerator 51 compute phase until data isavailable. The occurrence of such stalls are counted, and the feedbackfrom such monitoring will help optimize the gateway and/or the compiler.

The POW instruction does “post-work”, related to a given ESP. Its mainfunction is to move data from gateway memory 114 to an external storage(e.g. host 63 or remote storage 151). The data stored in the gatewaymemory 114 being data received from the accelerator 51. The POWinstruction comes in different variants depending on the destination ofthe data. These variants would need different parameter sets detailingthe external 10 operation.

It is up to the compiler to link a POW instruction to a data buffer inthe memory 114 on which to operate.

For post-work, the instructions may be executed out of order since theresults are not communicated to the accelerator 51, but instead arestored in host 63, remote storage 151 storage or gateway memory 114,where there is no implied semantics related to the write order for puredata.

A POW instruction always has a mandatory start criteria, whichrepresents the earliest point in time at which the instruction may beexecuted. It could be executed later, but not earlier, than themandatory start point. Thus, the POW instruction is triggered for startat a given WD. This trigger WD is represented as the WD in which the POWinstruction is contained. At the completion of the previous WD, theaccelerator 51 must have finished writing to the POW instruction'sbuffer.

There are different types of POW instruction. The first type of POWinstruction involves moving data from local GW memory 114 to the remotestorage 151. This can be configured by the host 63 by instructions (e.g.descriptor 119) sent via the control channel. The second type of POWinstruction involves the moving of data from local gateway memory 114 tohost 63. This can also be configured by the host 63 by instructions sentvia the control channel. The third type of POW instruction involves themanipulation of data stored in the gateway memory 114.

A POW instruction may also have an optional end criteria represented bya parameter of the POW instruction. This may have the following uses.Firstly, this optional end criteria may enable the POW instructions toprepare data for a specific WD, much in the same way as the pre-workinstruction has its end criteria implicitly given by the WD it is partof. Secondly, in cases where the gateway compiler is reusing “output”buffers used by the POW instructions for export to external nodes, it isimportant to protect buffers still holding unsaved data from beingoverwritten by the accelerator 51. In this case, the program can protectbuffers by placing so—called Named Execution Barrier (NEB) instructionsin the DME instruction stream as stop points until all POWs havecompleted flushing buffers, thus freeing buffers for reuse and moreaccelerator 51 output operations. These NEB instructions are describedlater.

If a POW instruction cannot meet its end criteria, the PPE 123 willpause the local DME 122 and consequently all accelerators to be syncedup at the same sync level. The PPE 123 parses a POW instruction andfinds the end criteria. There may be several POW instructions with thesame stop criteria or with different or with no stop criteria.

As mentioned above, the compiler may place stop/pass “executionbarriers” at given execution points in time. The (NEB) instructionrefers to a named “execution barrier” completed (NEBC) object thatcollects the number of completion reports from objects that areinstructed to signal to the NEBC when completed (e.g. POW instructions).

The NEB instruction always belong to a WD, i.e. it is enveloped by theWD. It can be inserted in all three instruction streams (DME, PPE_PREand PPE_POST).

The “stop” state represents a stop signal to the DME/PPE not to proceedwith execution of the instructions in the WD. The other possible stateis “pass”, which allows the DME/PPE to proceed with execution of theirinstructions in the WD, thus passing the NEB instruction. The statechanges from “stop” to “pass” when all the instructions linked to thisend criteria have reported completion by incrementing a“completions_seen” counter in the NEBC object.

The concept of an “execution barrier” is not to be confused with the ESPsynchronisation primitive that may be used to control barriers in theBulk Synchronous Parallel (BSP) memory consistency model. In someexamples, the NEB instruction insertion point is correlated with aspecific ESP for the accelerator program, but there is no such directrequirement. The NEB can be used a generic stop point for all kinds ofsynchronisations.

A first example of the use of the NEB instruction may be given, wherethe NEB instruction(s) is inserted into the WD at the start of the DMEinstruction stream. The NEB represents a pre-condition for executing theDME instructions. The pre-condition is used for controlling the flushingof accelerator output buffers (or ring-buffer fill thresholds) toexternal nodes (e.g. host 63 or remote storage 151) via POWinstructions. The set of ESP credits is not incremented until both: theNEB pre-conditions are met and the PRW instructions are completed. Thismeans that a WD can be cached by the DME, but not executed further ifthere are no ESP credits available. When the PPE 122 has completedexecution of the PRW instructions, it will first check if all NEBinstructions in the WD are in “pass” state. If they are, and all otherpreconditions for giving a credit is met, the credit will beincremented. The DME execution engine will raise an exception if it seesthat the NEB instruction is in stop state. This exception indicates thatthe PPE has wrongly added a credit despite a “stop” state, or that thereis some raise condition in the DME/PPE implementation.

A second example of the use of the NEB instruction may be given, wherethe NEB instruction is inserted into the post-work instruction streamfor flow-controlling data export from the gateway 52 to the host 63. Inthis case, the host 63 controls the state of the NEBC. In this model,the host controls whether or not the PPE 123 is allowed to execute POWinstructions to transfer data to the host 63, thus passing a NEBinstruction. This is controlled by the host providing updates to the“linked” NEBC object's state, to set the state to a “pass” state. Thehost is only allowed to set the “pass” state when all the linked POWinstructions are completed.

An end criteria is always placed on the “next occurrence” of a NEB inthe instruction stream. The “next occurrence” is to be understood asrelative to the execution of the POW.

A third example of the use of the NEB instruction may be given, wherethe NEB instruction is inserted into the pre-work instruction stream forflow-controlling data import feeding from the host 63. In this case, thehost 63 is controlling the state of the NEBC. In this model, the hostcontrols whether or not the PPE 123 is allowed to execute PRWinstructions to transfer data to the memory 114 from the host 63 orremote storage 151, thus passing a NEB instruction. This is controlledby the host 63 providing updates to the “linked” NEBC object's state, toset the state to a “pass” state.

The NEBC object is always initialized in a stop state at the start ofprogram execution. The same reinitialization is performed when startingon the next instruction after the NEB. When setting the state to “stop”,the “completions_seen” is set to zero as well.

In the DME case, the DME 122 itself may not have come so far in itsexecution that the NEB is seen yet, and if all linked instructions arecompleted by the time the NEB instruction is seen, the“completions_seen” is identical to “expected_completions” and the statewill be observed as “pass”, and thus execution continues with nowaiting. Otherwise, the DME 122 waits until all linked instructions arecompleted.

There is one streaming engine 124 per accelerator 51 in a gateway 52,where each streaming engine 124 may run in the various modes that hasbeen described.

There are several streaming engine instances made available across thefabric. There is one streaming engine 124 per accelerator 51, where eachstreaming engine 124 is executing an image. Each streaming engine 124feeds data to an accelerator 51 via one or more high speed buses (e.g.PCIe Gen4).

There are a plurality of different possible streaming flows that may beimplemented using the streaming engine 124. For example, in a firstpossible streaming flow, the gateway 52 may enable the streaming of datato the accelerator 51. This streaming of data may be initiated by afurther accelerator which is configured to provide the data.Alternatively, the streaming of data may be initiated by a DME 122 ofthe gateway 52, which executes instructions to transfer data from memory114 to the accelerator 51. Such data may have been received at thegateway 52 from the host 63 or remote storage 151.

In a second possible streaming flow, the gateway 52 may enable thestreaming of data to a remote accelerator. The accelerator 51 mayprovide packets to the gateway 52 having an address identifying theremote accelerator in a global address space. The gateway 52 isconfigured to use this address to forward the data packet to a furthergateway 128 for deliver to the remote accelerator.

In a third possible streaming flow, the gateway 52 may enable thestreaming of data into the local gateway memory 114. This may be theresult of a local gateway offload. The transfer of data to the memory114 may be from the accelerator 51 at an ESP. The transfer of data tothe memory 114 may be the result of a local RDMA or host RDMA. The datamay be transferred to the memory 114 from external storage, such as thehost 63, the NAS 151 or from the further gateway 128. The transfer ofdata into memory 114 from such external storage is part of the pre-workcarried out by the PPE 123.

In a fourth possible streaming flow, the gateway 52 may enable thestreaming of data into the memory of a further gateway 128. The datatransfer may be initiated by the gateway 52 itself. The data transfermay be initiated by the accelerator 51, which provides packets to thegateway 52 having an address identifying the further gateway 128 in theglobal address space. The transfer of data to further gateway 128 may bethe result of pre-work instructions executed by the further gateway 128to pull the data from the gateway memory 114.

In a fifth possible streaming flow, the gateway 52 may enable thestreaming of data to the remote storage 151. The data is transferredfrom gateway memory 114 to the remote storage 151 by one or more of:RDMA, the Network File System (NFS) protocol, Non-Volatile Memory overFabrics (NVMoF), and the internet Small Computer System Interface(iSCSI) protocol. The data transfer is initiated by the gateway. Thistransfer to the remote storage 151 may result from the execution ofpost-work instructions by the PPE 123.

In a sixth possible streaming flow, the gateway 52 may enable thestreaming of data to the host 63. The data is transferred from thegateway memory 114 to either pinned host memory or RDMA accessible hostmemory. This transfer to the host 63 may result from the execution ofpost-work instructions by the PPE 123.

In a seventh possible streaming flow, the gateway 52 may enable thestreaming of data from one or more remote NFS servers. The data transferfrom these servers may occur in response to a request transmitted by thegateway 52.

As mentioned earlier, parallel programming models for AI and HPC usuallyfollows a 3-phase iterative execution model: Compute, Barrier, andExchange (Data transfer, Collective and Broadcast). The implications arethat accelerators usually requires data transfer to/from accelerator atpre-compiled data exchange synchronization points and/or collectivesexecuted upon accelerator request. The request represents a sync pointwhere the accelerator 51 has finished processing the available data, andnow requires to export some data and requires to import some data. Thegateway 52 will schedule its data movements immediately after anaccelerator exchange request that is acknowledged.

The gateway streaming engine 124 optimizes data movement, thus the databuffer “object” play an important role in holding the data. By passingpointers to buffers (in the gateway memory 114) during execution, thesystem implements zero copy semantics during operation. The data buffersare either pre-initialized in the loaded image, or are filled by the PPE123. In both cases a reference to the buffer in memory 114 may be usedby the DME 122 for transferring data to the accelerator 51 at the ESP.

There may be cases where there is no pre-work required for preparingaccelerator data, such as when data is already prepared and embedded inthe loaded executable image. In such cases, the PPE 123 will also beresponsible for posting ESP credits to the DME 122.

There may also be ESPs where there are no data movement towards theaccelerator 51 (e.g. only accelerator output data), and in such casesthe PPE 123 will also be responsible for posting ESP credits to the DME122. In this case, the PPE 123 will, in response to determining thatthere is no data movement towards the accelerator 51 during an upcomingESP, increment the ESP credits for the upcoming ESP.

It is always the PPE 123 that adds ESP credits.

For the pre-work instructions only: If a WD's pre-work is completedahead of time compared to pre work in earlier issued WDs, the designwill need to queue the pre-work completion info and increase the numberof ESP credits after the handling of all the previous WDs when they havecompleted.

For accelerator data import (i.e. data transfer from gateway 52 toaccelerator 51), the WD describes how many bytes that are to betransferred in both directions (i.e. between accelerator 51 and gateway52) during an exchange. The accelerator 51 in the push model hascompiled in the same information and thus knows when all expected datais received for this exchange, and starts the compute phase immediatelyafter all data is received. In the pull model, the accelerator 51controls when the exchange is over by stopping the reading of the datafrom the gateway 52.

For accelerator data export: The accelerator 51 knows from its compiledcode how much data to send to gateway 52 for a given ESP, and thegateway 52 knows how many to expect by reading this information from theWD.

When the gateway 52 has received the exact number of bytes expected fromthe accelerator 51, it will move on to execute the next WD. In executingthe next WD, the gateway 52 may perform post-work comprising localoperation on data in the gateway memory 114. Additionally oralternatively, the gateway 52 may perform post-work to transfer the datato its final destination. Alternatively, the gateway 52 may perform nopost-work. For example, it may let the data stay in gateway memory 114,allowing the memory 114 to function as an off-accelerator data cache forlater read back. In executing the next WD, the gateway 52 may performpre-work needed to be completed prior to the next ESP. Additionally oralternatively, the gateway 52 may perform DMOV instructions to beexecuted after the next ESP. If there are ESP credits available, theDMOV instructions are used for pre-loading data to the gateway transfermemory 127 in advance of the ESP. If there are no ESP credits, the DME122 awaits ESP credits, and when ESP credits are available performspre-loading.

If the PPE instructions—i.e. both post-work (POW) and pre-work (PRW)instructions—are targeting remote storage 114 for static data that isknown to be already available on a storage node, then there is no needfor data synchronization with that node as long as the gateway supportsthe storage protocol for direct access to the data.

The host 63 memory is small relative to the amount of data which it istransferring to the gateway 52 and accelerator 51, so the host 63 needsto bring the data into its memory “piece by piece”. Due to this “pieceby piece” nature, there needs to be a synchronization mechanism betweenthe gateway 52 and host 63 controlling when data is available forgateway 52 initiated RDMA reads (gateway data import). Likewise, for thegateway 52 initiated RDMA writes (i.e. gateway data export), a similarsynchronization is needed. The challenge for the total AI appliance isto have data streaming continuously in and out of thegateway/accelerator, so such a synchronization mechanism is vital to AIperformance. The system needs a well-designed solution with minimaloverhead for this to scale to large AI fabrics.

The streaming engine 123 has several modes of operation for moving databetween gateway and host.

In a first mode of operation, the streaming engine 124 runs as a slaveof the host 63 under commands from the host 63. In a second mode ofoperation, the streaming engine 124 executes based on pre-compiledinstructions stored in its code memory.

In the first mode of operation, the streaming engine 124 acts as a slaveof the host 63 and performs the operations of storing data in memory114, and retrieving said data from memory 114 for delivery to theaccelerator 51, under the control of the host 63.

In the second mode of operation, the streaming engine 124 prefetchesdata from the host 63 or remote storage 151 in dependence upon apre-complied executable file derived from the compiler that is used togenerate the code of a complete system composed of accelerators andgateways. Since the compiler is used to generate code for the gateway52, which fetches the data to be delivered to the accelerator 51, andthe accelerator 51, which processes the data, the host 63, the gateway52 and the accelerator 51 are able to act in sync with one another. Thegateway 52 file anticipates the data needed by the accelerator 51,prepares that data for deployment in advance of the associated computephase by storing it in memory 114. The gateway 52 prepares the data fortransfer to the accelerator 51 at the appropriate time in dependenceupon the code generated by the compiler. The DME 122 transfers it to theaccelerator 51 in a latency optimized manner at precisely the right timefor the accelerator 51, in response to a sync request 56 from theaccelerator 51. The DME 122 sits close to the accelerator 51 for latencyoptimised delivery.

In a third mode of operation, the accelerator 51 informs the gateway 52in advance of the next N barriers what data to prepare for transfer tothe accelerator 51 from memory 114 for the corresponding N barriers. Inthis mode of operation, the accelerator compiler can foresee future I/Ooperations and thus schedule such commands to the gateway 52 so that thegateway 52 has adequate time for delivery of the data.

A compiler produces a set of computer code instructions that areexecuted by the accelerator 51. These sets of computer code instructionsmay be referred to as executable images. In some embodiments (e.g. inthe second mode of operation described above), the compiler may alsoproduce a related set of streaming engine data movement/processingcommands that are fulfilled by the gateway 52.

The compiler produces one executable image per streaming engine. Theexecutable image references a flat contiguous XPU Virtual Address (XVA)space as seen from an accelerator. This XVA space covers internalaccelerator memory as well as “Streaming Engine sandbox” memory mappedvia memory management unit (MMU) mappings into the same XVA space. Theexecution image also references a “host sandbox” virtual address (HSVA)space that covers the required host memory accessible to the streamingengine 122. This HSVA space is relevant in the GW operational model: “GWpush model” and the “Advanced XPU pull model”.

Within these two virtual address spaces (XVA and HSVA), the compiler isresponsible for defining the existence of buffer resources andaddressable elements needed by the streaming engine 122, accelerator 51and host 63.

The compiler is also responsible for defining reuse of gateway buffersin memory 114 between iterations and sequences of WDs as it sees fit andwhen needed due to limited gateway memory 114. Buffer reuseoptimizations are not required as long as there is enough memoryassigned to the gateway 52.

For a gateway 52 configured to communicate with two or moreaccelerators, it is currently not possible for one accelerator to accessthe streaming engine sandbox assigned to other accelerators. This isenforced by MMU setup inside each accelerator or accelerator supportchip. The XVA space of the different accelerators doesn't overlap inphysical gateway memory. Streaming engines run in their separate “XPUsandboxes” and all access is runtime enforced to stay within its ownsandbox. Due to the accelerator's on-board MMU, it may be possible toconstruct a common memory region that is shared between these streamingengines.

Referring again to the transfer of data to the accelerator illustratedin FIG. 7 , in some examples, the gateway 52 receives the data from thehost 63 or remote storage 151 and stores it in memory 114 before makingit available in a fast gateway transfer memory 127 for transfer to theaccelerator 51. The DME 122 pre-loads the fast gateway transfer memory127 from memory 114 in dependence upon the DME instructions. Thecontents of the gateway transfer memory 127 are transferred to theaccelerator 51 in response to the completion of a handshake request.This pre-loading into the gateway transfer memory 127 is used in thepush model described above. In some examples, the pre-loading of thegateway transfer memory 127 is carried out only if the number of ESPcredits is greater than zero.

Reference is made to FIG. 14 , which illustrates how the preparation ofdata, its exchange between the gateway 52 and accelerator 51 and theprocessing of this data are related. The prepare and deploy stages areperformed by the gateway 52, whereas the compute stages are performed bythe accelerator 51. Data is prepared by the gateway 52 in advance of theassociated compute phase. The data is stored as closely as possible tothe accelerator 51. When the accelerator 51 is able to accept the dataand indicates as such by sending a sync request 56 to the gateway 52,the gateway 52 deploys the data using the full capacity of the port/slinked to the accelerator 51 with no external dependencies. As thedeployed data is being processed by the accelerator 51, the gateway 52prepares the next phase of data to be deployed. The engine scales itsoperation across all available gateway data centre ports.

The gateway 52 is able to receive data from the host 63 or remotestorage 151 and perform storage and augmentation of data that is neededby additional gateways. This data may be transferred to the additionalgateways. The data transferred to the additional gateways may then beprovided to accelerators associated with those additional gateways. Thismay be useful for avoiding bottlenecks. For example, instead of eachgateway independently retrieving data from a remote storage 151, andhence causing a bottleneck at the access to the remote storage 151, onegateway 52 may retrieve data from the remote storage 151 and providesaid data to a plurality of gateways. This may address the problem of abottleneck when accessing the remote storage 151.

When the gateway 52 receives the data from the host 63 or remote storage151, prior to providing this data to the accelerator 51, the gateway 52processes the data. This processing may be carried out by the streamingengine 124. The processing may comprise one or more of: dataaugmentation (noise injection), decompression, decoding (e.g. of imageand video data, such as JPEG format images and H264 format video). Thisprocessing is not carried out in the simple accelerator pull modeldiscussed above.

To keep memory usage minimal, data is compressed when it is loaded intothe gateway 52 and decompressed at the latest possible time beforedelivery to the accelerator 51. The gateway 52 may provide a latencyoptimized hardware decompression engine (not shown) for certain types ofcompression. Additionally, decompression can be implemented in gatewaysoftware to provide extended support for any arbitrary compressionalgorithm.

By performing data augmentation (e.g. noise injection) in the gateway52, the original data can be stored once, in its original format, andfetched once. That data can then be replicated to multiple acceleratorswith different augmentation settings applied, by the gateway 52, to eachreplicated copy. The gateway 52 provides a set of augmentation methodsin hardware and provides the ability for gateway software to implementdifferent algorithms for said augmentation.

In one embodiment, the streaming engine 124 provides two dataacceleration features. The streaming function provides a replicatefeature and a replicate and transpose feature. This allows training datato be replicated from one gateway to many other gateway, thus reducingthe IO connectivity need.

The data is received at the gateway 52 from the host 63 or remotestorage 151 and is stored (after traversing path 120) in the memory 114by the PPE 123. The DME 122 retrieves the data to be sent along path 121from the memory 114 and causes the data to be sent to the accelerator51. The data is sent to the accelerator 51 from the memory 114 via theindicated accelerator ports. Data transfer along the path 121 istriggered by the sync signals as described already.

The gateway 52 allows the provision of data to the accelerator 51 (whichinvolves transfer of the data over the path 121) to be decoupled fromthe retrieval of the data from the host 63 or remote storage 151. Inother words, the gateway 52 enables the transfer of data from the host63 or remote storage 151 to proceed ahead of the computation performedby the accelerator 51.

FIG. 8 illustrates two further data paths that allow exchange of databetween the gateway 52 and further gateways. The gateway 52 includes apath 125 from which data may be transferred between the accelerator 51(coupled to the gateway 52 by the accelerator ports shown) and a furtheraccelerator (not shown) via a further gateway 128 (coupled to thegateway 52 by the fabric ports shown). The gateway 52 and the furthergateway 128 act as switches on this path 125 and enable an extended dataexchange fabric between accelerators. The further gateway 128 may beconfigured to transfer data to/from a further host to which it isconnected. The data transfer along this path 125 may be unicast (i.e.data directed to a single accelerator), broadcast (data transmittedwithout being directed to specified accelerators) and multicast (datadirected to multiple specified accelerators). In broadcast mode, packetssent on the fabric port contain a Multicast Group ID. Each gateway has atable which contains a list of destinations for each multicast group ID.When the gateway receives such a packet, it looks up in the table, thelist of destinations corresponding to the multicast group ID included inthe packet and transmits the packet to those destinations.

In one embodiment the XPU Ports are a custom Root Complex implementationproviding specialized data movement capabilities. In addition totransferring packets to/from the gateway memory 114, the XPU Ports alsoprovide a peer-to-peer capability to/from the Fabric Ports. Packetswhich are targeting memory space mapping to a remote accelerator aredetected at the XPU Port and directed towards the appropriate fabricport. The receiving Fabric Port will direct the packet to the correctdestination accelerator port. Also, gateways can forward packets fromone fabric port to another fabric port. This allows arbitrarily largefabrics to be traversed. In this way, full accelerator to acceleratorexchange is enabled through the gateway fabric.

FIG. 8 also illustrates a data path 126 for exchanging data between thegateway 52 and a further gateway. The data path 126 is used for theexchange of synchronisation and management messages between the gateway52 and the further gateway 128. Additionally, the data path 126 is usedto exchange data between the memory 114 associated with gateway 52 and amemory associated with the further gateway 128. The data exchanged viadata path 126 is exchanged as part of the pre-work, when pre-workinstructions are executed by the PPE 123.

Data may be transferred from the memory of the further gateway 128 tothe memory 114 in response to the execution of pre-work instructions bythe PPE 123. This data is then available in memory 114 for transfer(e.g. by a PCIe read operation from the accelerator or by the executionof a DMOV instruction by the DME 122) to the accelerator 52 at theupcoming ESP. When the PPE 123 completes execution of the pre-workinstructions for transferring data into its memory 114, it incrementsits set of ESP credits.

As noted earlier, a sync zone/group may include a plurality of gateways.In such a case, instead of, or as well as, a sync request being receivedfrom the associated accelerator 51, a sync request may be received atthe gateway 52 from a further gateway 128. In this case, this othergateway 128 may be referred to as a “downstream gateway”.

Reference is now made to FIG. 15 , which shows the gateway 52 incommunication with the further gateway 128 and, additionally, a thirdgateway 152. When the sync request 129 is received from the furthergateway 128, the gateway 52 may allow the synchronisation barrier to bepassed by transmitting a sync request 153 upstream to a third gateway inthe case that the gateway 52 is not a synch master (i.e. the gateway 52is a synch slave). The sync request 129 may first be aggregated with oneor more sync requests (e.g. sync request 56) received from the localaccelerators (e.g. accelerator 51). In this case, it is this aggregatedsync request 153 that is transmitted upstream to the third gateway.

Alternatively, and for example when gateway 152 is not connected to thesync zone of gateway 52 when the sync request 129 is received from theother gateway 128, the gateway 52 may allow the synchronisation barrierto be passed by sending a sync acknowledgment 154 to the further gateway128 in the case that the gateway 52 is a master gateway. In the casethat the gateway 128 is the master gateway, any sync requests receivedfrom the local accelerators (e.g. accelerator 51) are also acknowledged(e.g. by transmitting acknowledgement 155) given that sync-requests arereceived from all configured down-stream gateways.

The ESP credits in the LSBM 118 held by the gateway 52 may be used tocontrol the synchronisation request forwarding between the gateway 52and the further gateway 128. As with the barrier between the accelerator51 and the gateway 52, the ESP credits are only used to control thesynchronisation request forwarding between the gateway 52 and thefurther gateway 128 in the case that gateway involvement is indicated bya local accelerator (e.g. accelerator 51) that sends a sync request 155to the gateway 52. This indication may be stored in register 59 asdescribed earlier. If no gateway involvement is indicated, when the syncrequest 129 is received, the sync request 153 is sent upstream and whena sync acknowledgment 154 is returned, the synchronisation barrier ispassed.

Assuming gateway involvement by the accelerator 51 is indicated, if thenumber of the ESP credits associated with the accelerator 51 isnon-zero, and the gateway 52 has received sync request 129 from adownstream gateway 128, if the gateway 52 is not the sync master gateway(i.e. is a sync slave gateway), the barrier is passed upstream. The syncrequest 129 is aggregated with a sync request 56 from the accelerator 51to form sync request 153 which is transmitted to an upstream gateway152. The ESP credits in each LSBM 118 in the sync chain are decrementedupon receiving a sync ack 156 corresponding to the sync request 153 fora synchronisation requiring gateway involvement.

Assuming gateway involvement by the accelerator 51 is indicated, if thenumber of the ESP credits associated with the accelerator 51 isnon-zero, and the gateway 52 has received sync request 129 from adownstream gateway, if the gateway 52 is the sync master gateway it willsend a sync acknowledgment 154 to the downstream gateway 128 and to itsown streaming engine(s) 124. Upon reception of the sync acknowledgment,the streaming engine 124 decrements the number of ESP Credits held bythe LSBM 118.

Thus, the LSPM 117 of the gateway 52 can prevent propagation of syncrequests to other gateways (i.e. LSPMs) in the absence of ESP credits inthe LSBM 118. This ensures that when an acknowledgement is finallygenerated by the sync master, all accelerators will start to executetheir superstep at the same time.

The gateway 52 includes a plurality of interfaces, e.g. an interface tothe accelerator 51, an interface to the further gateway 128, aninterface to the third gateway 152. The gateway 52 includes a registerindicating the directionality of each of these interfaces for syncpurposes, i.e. whether the entity such as the further gateway 128 isupstream or downstream of the gateway 52. Hence, the register indicatesto which interfaces, sync requests are to be sent over by the gateway 52in response to the gateway 52 receiving a sync request from a downstreamentity. In the case that the register indicates that none of theinterfaces are for transmission of the sync request, this indicates thatthe gateway 52 is the sync master. In this case, the gateway 52transmits sync acknowledgments over all of the interfaces over which ithas received sync requests.

In the case that the gateway 52 functions as slave gateway, it mayreceive one or more sync requests from the accelerators (e.g.accelerator 51) that are associated with it. These sync requests areaggregated by the gateway 52 which then passes them upstream to thefurther gateway 128 (assuming there are ESP credits available for eachlocal accelerator indicating gateway involvement from it receives syncrequests). Assuming the further gateway 128 is also a slave, thatfurther gateway gathers that request, and all sync requests from its ownlocal accelerators and then forwards a new aggregated sync request tothe next gateway (assuming there are ESP credits available for eachlocal accelerator indicating gateway involvement from it receives syncrequests). This happens in parallel across the sync network. Eventuallythe master gateway receives sync requests from all downstream gatewaysand its own associated accelerators. Then, and only then, is the synccompleted and the sync acknowledgments generated by the master gateway(assuming there are ESP credits available for each local acceleratorindicating gateway involvement from it receives sync requests) and sentdownstream to the entities (i.e. local accelerators or downstreamgateways) from which it received sync requests. Each gateway downstreamwhich receives a sync ack will transmit a sync ack to the entities fromwhich it received sync requests.

As noted, sync requests may be received at gateway 52 from a pluralityof local accelerators (not just the example accelerator 51). Eachaccelerator is associated with a different set of ESP credits. Only ifall the ESP credits for each accelerator from which a sync request (andwhich indicates gateway involvement) has been received is non-zero willthe gateway 52 pass the aggregated sync request upstream (in the casethat it is a slave) or acknowledge the sync request (in the case that itis the master).

As previously, following transmission of a sync acknowledgment to theaccelerator 51, the gateway 52 is configured to exchange data with theaccelerator 51.

Reference is made to FIG. 10 , which illustrates the gateway functionthat is implemented by the streaming engine 124. The PPE 123 executes inparallel with the DME 122, but as the DME 122 depends upon the resultsof the PPE 123, the PPE 123 needs to provide its results before a DMEoperation is scheduled. This is handled in either the executable image,that is pre-compiled, or through user program sequencing of commandsdelivered to the gateway 52 from the accelerator 51.

As shown in FIG. 10 , there is a module 142 (shown as a GDxSM module)that sits between the PPE 123 and the network stack 141. The GDxSMmodule 142 comprises two modules, i.e. a GW data import synchronisationmodule (GDISM) and a GW data export synchronisation module (GDESM). Bothmodules handle synchronization of I/O buffer elements between thegateway and host.

The synchronization is flow-controlled, and ensures GW data consistencyand readiness for IO operations at the exchange synchronization points(ESPs).

The first set of credits (which has already been discussed in detail)are the ESP credits. The ESP credits govern the passing of thesynchronisation barriers either between the accelerator 51 and thegateway 52 or between the gateway 52 and the further gateway 128. Usingthe ESP credits, a barrier credit mechanism is used to control thetransfer of data between the gateway 52 and the accelerator 51.Availability of one ESP credit implies that a data exchange operationcan be executed for one barrier.

A second set of credits governs the transfer of data to the gateway 52(either from the host 63, remote storage 151 or further gateway 128).These credits are stored by the GDxSM 142. More specifically, thesecredits are stored in the GDISM of the GBxSM 142. The second set ofcredits may be referred to as GDISM credits. The skilled person wouldunderstand that the term “GDISM credits” is a name only, and that thecredits are not limited in their nature by this name.

The gateway 52 executes pre-work instructions to retrieve data from thehost 63, remote storage 151 or a further gateway 128 in response todetermining that there are a non-zero number of GDISM credits available.The gateway 52 does not retrieve the data if it determines that thereare zero GDISM credits available. The host 63 sends an instruction toupdate/increment the GDISM credits using RDMA to send the instruction.When the streaming engine 124 is notified via an RDMA write from host 63of an update to the GDISM credits register, it will update the creditsregister accordingly. The gateway 52 decrements the number of GDISMcredits stored in response to pre-work being completed by the PPE 123.The pre-work being to transfer data to the gateway 52 from an externalstorage.

The GDISM credit control mechanism may prevent the pre-work (PRW)instructions from being executed too early. The GDISM controls how manyWDs ahead of the currently executing ESP, the pre-work (PRW) engine isallowed to work.

The host 63 may be configured to perform the same credit update for theGDISM credits for a group of gateways. The credit update is performedusing RDMA and a protocol on top of RDMA to make a reliable broadcast.This may be needed in the case that a sync group includes a plurality ofgateways. In this case, the group of gateways may need to have the samenumber of GDISM credits available, otherwise one of the accelerators maystall and hence stop all of the other accelerators.

In some examples, GDISM credits are also used for controlling thetransfer of data from the gateway to the host. The same set of GDISMcredits (i.e. the second set described above) that is used for thetransfer of data from the external storage to the gateway 52 may be usedto control the transfer of data from the gateway 52 to the externalstorage (e.g. host 63, remote storage 151). In response to the gateway52 sending the data to the external storage, these GDISM credits thatrepresent both import and export credits are decremented when the PPE123 completes its commands in a WD. The gateway 128 will only transmitdata to the external storage if the number of GDISM credits is non-zero.

In this way, the GDISM credits may be used to throttle the POWinstructions as well as the PRW instructions. A POW instruction cannotbe executed if the number of GDISM credits is non-zero. In the case thatGDISM credits control transfer of data both to and from the externalstorage, a single GDISM credit is consumed only when all the POWinstructions and PRW instructions are completed for a given ESP.

In some examples, a third set of credits governs the transfer of datafrom the gateway 52 to the host 63 or the remote storage 151. Thesecredits are stored by the GDxSM 142. More specifically, these creditsare stored in the GDESM of the GBxSM 142. The third set of credits maybe referred to as GDESM credits. The skilled person would understandthat the term “GDESM credits” is a name only, and that the credits arenot limited in their nature by this name.

The gateway 128 will only transmit data to the external storage if thenumber of GDESM credits is non-zero. In response to the gateway 52sending the data to the external storage, the GDESM credits aredecremented. In this way, the GDESM credits may be used to throttle thePOW instructions. A POW instruction cannot be executed if the number ofGDESM credits is non-zero. The gateway 52 decrements the number of GDESMcredits in response to the completion of a POW instruction.

The host 63 sends an instruction to update/increment the GDISM creditsusing RDMA to send the instruction. When the streaming engine 124 isnotified via an RDMA write from host 63 of an update to the GDISMcredits register, it will update the credits register accordingly.

There is a relationship between the GDISM credits and ESP credits. AGDISM credit gives the gateway 52 an allowance to transfer data fromhost memory to gateway memory 114 for one super-step. When the gateway52 has loaded the data for this super-step into its memory 114, then itwill decrement the GDISM credits and add one credit to the ESP credits.Now, the accelerator 51 can either perform a pull for this data(including a pull according to any pull model) or the gateway 52 can doa push of the data to the accelerator 51 (a push according to any pushmodels) since the LSPM 117 and/or LSBM 118 will acknowledge the syncrequest when the number of ESP credits is >0.

Reference is made to FIG. 9 , which shows an example of a system 130comprising a plurality of accelerators 131, a plurality of gateways 132and a plurality of hosts 133. Since the gateways 132 communicate withone another, collectively the gateways 132 form an Ethernet network 134.The communication between the gateways 132 enables the disaggregation ofthe accelerators and the hosts. In other words, any host 133 in thesystem 130 is able to communicate with any accelerator 131.

Although FIG. 9 shows each gateway 132 being associated with a host 133with which it communicates, in some embodiments, there is not one hostper gateway. In some embodiments, only one of the gateways 132 shown inFIG. 9 may directly communicate with a host 133. That one host 133 couldcontrol a plurality of gateways 134. The gateway coupled to the host maydistribute data from the host to the remaining gateways 134.Alternatively, the plurality of gateways 134 may retrieve data from theremote storage 151. In the case that only one gateway 134 communicateswith a host 133, that one gateway 134 may be the only gateway 134 of theplurality of gateways 134 that includes a network interface device. Thishas the advantage of reducing costs, by reducing the number ofcomponents required to construct the remaining gateways. When theremaining gateways provide data to the host, they may first perform dataaugmentation operations on the data before providing that data to thegateways comprising the network interface device for communicating withthe host.

In some embodiments, there are no external hosts 133 in the system 130,but rather the host system runs on one or more of the gateways 134. Inthis case, the compiler runs on the gateway 134.

In some examples, a gateway 132 receives data from a host 133 anddistributes this data to one or more other gateways 132. In otherexamples, a subset of gateways 132 receive data from one or more hosts133 and distribute the received data to one or more other gateways. Eachof the one or more other gateways 132 may provide the distributed datato its associated accelerator 131. By doing so not all of the gateways132 need receive data from a host 133. This method could reduce costssince, in this case, not all of the gateways need be provided with fullbandwidth. It could also improve efficiency. In some example, eachaccelerator 131 in a group of accelerators receives and processesidentical data. In this case, the data need only be fetched once from ahost 133. Therefore, a gateway 132 receives said data from the host 133and distribute copies of this data to one or more gateways 132, whichare each configured to distribute data to their associated accelerator131. Hence, efficiency gains are realised since the same data need notbe fetched from the hosts 133 multiple times. Additionally, this can becombined with the use of the remote storage 151 for retrieval of data bythe gateways. The use of the remote storage 151 for retrieval means thatthe cost reduction can be achieved and the Gateways can have fullbandwidth. A host may send storage descriptors to many gateways, whichin parallel may act on these descriptors and pull/push data from theremote storage 151 over independent network connections per gateway.This technique scales I/O as a function of the number of gateways.

In some cases, the data that is distributed from a gateway 132 to one ormore other gateways 132, is modified at the one or more other gateways132. For example, the one or more other gateways 132 applies dataaugmentation to the one or more other gateways 132. This dataaugmentation is performed by the DME/s in the respective gateway/s. Wheneach of the one or more other gateways 132 has modified the data that ithas received, it pushes the modified data to its associated accelerator131.

The pre-compiled gateway software specifies which accelerators 52 getwhich of the data held in memory 114 by a gateway 132 from which host.The compiler of the accelerator code determines how to apportion databetween the accelerators so as to apportion work between them. Thegateway 132 load balances the I/O traffic across the two PCIe ports ithas towards each accelerator.

The gateway and accelerator layers of the system are duplicated in sucha way so as to allow for scaling of the system. Reference is made toFIG. 12 , which shows an example of an apparatus 161 comprising aplurality of accelerators 162 and a plurality of gateways 163. Theapparatus 161 is referred to as a machine 161. The machine 161 comprisesfour accelerators 162 and two gateways 163. Each of the gateways 163 arealso coupled to one or more hosts (not shown).

Reference is made to FIG. 13 , which shows an example of an apparatus170, comprising a plurality of machines 161 as illustrated in FIG. 12 .A plurality of machines 161 are arranged into an apparatus 171, which isreferred to as a cluster 171. Each cluster 171 comprises up to 4machines 161. A plurality of clusters 171 are arranged into an apparatus170, which is referred to as a pod 171. Each pod 171 comprises up to 32machines 161. By scaling the system in this manner, a resulting pod 171comprises 128 accelerators, resulting in system with 16 PFLops and 8 TBof DRAM.

In this model illustrated by FIGS. 12 and 13 , each gateway 163 providesa low latency bridge between two or more groups of accelerators 162,allowing accelerators 162 attached to different gateways 163 tocommunicate with each other as if they were connected on the sameinternal fabric. Packets are received from an accelerator 162 at the XPUports (shown in FIG. 8 ) of a gateway 163. Packets which are targetingmemory space that maps to a remote accelerator are detected at the XPUPorts and directed towards the appropriate fabric port (shown in FIG. 8) of the gateway 163. The packet receives at the appropriate acceleratorport will be forwarded to the appropriate gateway. From there thegateway will forward the packet to the remote accelerator that isindicated by the memory space targeted by the packet.

Each gateway 163 includes PCIe ports. 4 of these PCIe ports areconfigured to pass packets to and from accelerators 162. Each PCIe Port(shown in FIG. 12 ) can be configured to use a different acceleratorspecific protocol. A custom gateway transaction layer then convertsbetween that protocol and the gateway internal protocol. The customgateway layer implements the address map, and provides collective andbroadcast/multicast offload support. Each gateway 163 provides anaddress mapping scheme, exposing all participating accelerators 162 in aglobal address space. The packets received at the gateway 163 from theaccelerator 162 contain a gateway ID, identifying the destinationgateway to which the packet is to be routed.

The global address space encompasses all accelerators 162 belonging tothe pod 170 as well as all of the gateway's 163 memory resources.Accelerators may dispatch packets specifying addresses in the globaladdress space. Some parts of the address are used to select theresources on the target gateway. Some parts of the address are used toidentify the gateway which is being addressed. Some other parts are usedto identify addresses in the gateway memory or memory in an associatedaccelerator's tile memory. The accelerator's tile memory is addressableby a tile index and a memory offset. The address may include this tileindex and memory offset to identify a location in the accelerator atwhich data of the data packet is to be stored.

When a packet is received, the identification of the gateway in theaddress is compared against this gateway's global ID. If there is amatch, the request is targeting a resource belonging to this gateway (alocal accelerator or local memory). Otherwise, the part of the addressare used to index a routing table. The contents of the routing tableindicate the target port in the system. Some bits of the address will bematched against the gateway routing table to determine where to routethe packet.

The ingress packet pipeline is intended to be a cut-through pipelinewith no buffering other than pipeline stages necessary to implement therequired features. Packets are first classified by type:multicast/broadcast, collective and unicast/Memory Writes. These arethen split out to individual blocks for processing. The gateway 52 maycomprise a unicast module for processing unicast packets and a multicastgrouping table. The unicast packet routing table is used by the gateway52 to perform routing of unicast packets, i.e. those directed to asingle accelerator. The incoming address is decoded and selected bitsare used to determine the destination. This is a two-step process: firstthe gateway ID bits are used to determine if this packet targets thisgateway. If not, then the gateway ID bits are used to index a routingtable which returns the output fabric port for this packet.

If the packet is targeting the gateway 52, then local address bits inthe packet address are used to lookup in a set of local gateway baseaddress registers (BARS) consisting of a plurality of regions, i.e. oneBAR for gateway memory and one BAR for each accelerator port. If thelocal address bits indicate that the packet is for storage in gatewaymemory, e.g. memory 114, the packet is stored in the Gateway memoryaccording to the address in the BAR for gateway memory. If the localaddress bits indicate that the packet is for delivery to theaccelerator, then the packet is forwarded to the DME 122 of the gateway52. From there the data packet may be forwarded to the acceleratoraccording to the address in the BAR for the relevant accelerator port.

Packets specifying the multicast/broadcast service are processed at themulticast group table. Each Fabric port has its own table with a list ofports which will get a copy for each group (including broadcast). Thereare three sets of destinations. Firstly, packets are sent to the localaccelerators if, and only if, the packet belongs to the same vFabric asthe Gateway. Secondly, all incoming broadcast/multicast packets arechecked against the Fabric table to see if they must be forwarded.Thirdly, a copy will be sent to local DRAM. Once the destination portvector is built, the vector and the packet are forwarded to the switchinterconnect, which provides the replication service.

1. A computer system comprising: a first accelerator configured toprocess data and to generate result data; and a first gateway coupled tothe first accelerator and a gateway interface for connection to a secondgateway for conveying data for processing by a second accelerator,wherein the first accelerator and the second accelerator form asynchronisation zone in which a synchronisation barrier acts between acompute phase and an exchange phase in the synchronization zone, whereinthe first gateway is configured to receive a plurality of messages fromthe first accelerator, a first message of the plurality of messagescomprising result data and a destination address indicating a storagelocation to receive the result data, the first gateway furtherconfigured to check the destination address and to route the firstmessage to the gateway interface in response to the destination addressindicating the storage location on the second accelerator.
 2. Thecomputer system according to claim 1 wherein the plurality of messagesare received in the exchange phase.
 3. The computer system according toclaim 1, wherein the second accelerator is coupled to the secondgateway.
 4. The computer system according to claim 1 wherein the gatewayinterface comprises at least one fabric port having an address rangewhich corresponds to addresses of storage locations on the secondgateway and the second accelerator.
 5. The computer system according toclaim 1 wherein the computer system further comprises a third gatewaycoupled to the second gateway, the third gateway being coupled to athird accelerator.
 6. The computer system according to claim 5 whereinthe first and second accelerators, and the first, second and thirdgateways form part of the synchronisation zone.
 7. The computer systemaccording to claim 1 wherein the gateway interface comprises multiplefabric ports, each port for connection to a respective one of multiplesecond gateways.
 8. The computer system according to claim 1 wherein thefirst gateway is configured to augment or manipulate the result dataprior to routing the first message containing the manipulated oraugmented result data to the destination address.
 9. The computer systemaccording to claim 8 wherein the first gateway is configured tomanipulate or augment the data in the exchange phase.
 10. The computersystem according to claim 1 wherein the destination address indicates asingle storage location.
 11. The computer system according to claim 1wherein the destination address comprises an implied broadcast address,and the first gateway is configured to route the first message to thegateway interface for transmission to the second accelerator and anyfurther accelerators in the computer system.
 12. The computer systemaccording to claim 1 wherein the first message indicates multipledestination addresses, wherein same result data is routed to each ofmultiple different destination address in the computer system.
 13. Acomputer system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first gateway isconfigured to: for each of the messages, use a destination address inthe respective message to select between a plurality of interfaces forsending the respective message, the plurality of interfaces includingthe gateway interface and a further interface.
 14. The computer systemas claimed in claim 13, wherein the first gateway is configured to: independence upon the destination address in a second of the messages,route the second of the messages to the further interface.
 15. Thecomputer system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the destination addresscomprises an index identifying a tile of the second accelerator.
 16. Amethod of exchanging data between first and second accelerators in acomputer system, each accelerator configured to process data and togenerate result data, wherein the first accelerator is coupled to afirst gateway, wherein the first gateway has a gateway interface forconnection to a second gateway for conveying data for processing by thesecond accelerator, wherein the first accelerator and the secondaccelerator form a synchronisation zone in which a synchronisationbarrier acts between a compute phase and an exchange phase in thesynchronisation zone, the method comprising: receiving a plurality ofmessages from the first accelerator, a first message of the plurality ofmessages comprising result data and a destination address indicating astorage location to receive the result data; and checking thedestination address and routing the first message to the gatewayinterface in response to the destination address indicating the storagelocation on the second accelerator.
 17. The method according to claim 16further comprising the gateway interface routing the first message tothe second gateway, and the second gateway routing the first message tothe second accelerator.
 18. The method according to claim 16 furthercomprising the first gateway routing a second message to a secondgateway interface of the second gateway in response to a destinationaddress of the second message indicating a second storage location on athird accelerator, the second gateway interface being connected to athird gateway which is connected to the third accelerator.
 19. Themethod according to claim 16 comprising the step of augmenting theresult data prior to routing the first message containing the augmentedresult data to the destination address.
 20. The method according toclaim 16 comprising the step of manipulating the result data at thefirst gateway prior to routing the first message containing themanipulated result data to the destination address.
 21. The computerprogram stored on transitory or non-transitory media which comprises aset of computer readable instructions which when executed cause agateway to: receive a plurality of messages from a first accelerator ofthe gateway, a first message of the plurality of messages comprisingresult data and a destination address indicating a storage location toreceive the result data; and check the destination address and route thefirst message to a gateway interface of the gateway in response to thedestination address indicating the storage location on a secondaccelerator.